{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361004419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787","title":"Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Aflaj Systems over a 36-Year Period","display_name":"Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Aflaj Systems over a 36-Year Period","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361004419","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1787/pdf?version=1679912988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1787/pdf?version=1679912988","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060151464","display_name":"Khalifa M. Al\u2010Kindi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-5566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I209803261","display_name":"University of Nizwa","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxe3r04","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khalifa M. Al-Kindi","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069073453","display_name":"Abdullah F. Alqurashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0300-6494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah F. Alqurashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035929799","display_name":"Abdullah Saif Al\u2010Ghafri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4466-9534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I209803261","display_name":"University of Nizwa","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxe3r04","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Al-Ghafri","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076486279","display_name":"Dennis Power","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I209803261","display_name":"University of Nizwa","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxe3r04","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Power","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNESCO Chair of Aflaj Studies, Archaeohydrology, University of Nizwa, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060151464"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I209803261"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":13.4218,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98721854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1787","last_page":"1787"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14160","display_name":"Water management and technologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14160","display_name":"Water management and technologies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10889","display_name":"Soil erosion and sediment transport","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.6223291158676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arid","display_name":"Arid","score":0.5975626707077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.5495251417160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resource-management","display_name":"Water resource management","score":0.5135207772254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5063942670822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.49977970123291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.4585771858692169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.45751234889030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resources","display_name":"Water resources","score":0.44081810116767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.36160117387771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34991031885147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.33836978673934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1780453324317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.07462376356124878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.6223291158676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.5975626707077026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.5495251417160034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.5135207772254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5063942670822144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.49977970123291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4585771858692169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.45751234889030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153823671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049799","display_name":"Water resources","level":2,"score":0.44081810116767883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.36160117387771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34991031885147095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.33836978673934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1780453324317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07462376356124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1787/pdf?version=1679912988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:826a8e5ddac74bf68469af16d8bdff6a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/826a8e5ddac74bf68469af16d8bdff6a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1787 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1787/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1787","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071787","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071787","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1787/pdf?version=1679912988","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361004419.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22867833","https://openalex.org/W1138626644","https://openalex.org/W1776008735","https://openalex.org/W1778032583","https://openalex.org/W1968615033","https://openalex.org/W1973287985","https://openalex.org/W1976044762","https://openalex.org/W2001666814","https://openalex.org/W2028634260","https://openalex.org/W2038044415","https://openalex.org/W2040234383","https://openalex.org/W2047825499","https://openalex.org/W2054097350","https://openalex.org/W2057387551","https://openalex.org/W2061240006","https://openalex.org/W2064354376","https://openalex.org/W2081628364","https://openalex.org/W2082081125","https://openalex.org/W2085282193","https://openalex.org/W2088169950","https://openalex.org/W2090194986","https://openalex.org/W2094401449","https://openalex.org/W2099327658","https://openalex.org/W2105414963","https://openalex.org/W2108302357","https://openalex.org/W2108385387","https://openalex.org/W2119765305","https://openalex.org/W2134737088","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2153301155","https://openalex.org/W2165577558","https://openalex.org/W2172422511","https://openalex.org/W2258658240","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2483936059","https://openalex.org/W2486457200","https://openalex.org/W2528729545","https://openalex.org/W2554595525","https://openalex.org/W2594013227","https://openalex.org/W2608749680","https://openalex.org/W2630501339","https://openalex.org/W2739878529","https://openalex.org/W2752594442","https://openalex.org/W2765259263","https://openalex.org/W2790063226","https://openalex.org/W2792094534","https://openalex.org/W2815885864","https://openalex.org/W2892330427","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913773187","https://openalex.org/W2915254566","https://openalex.org/W2944787920","https://openalex.org/W2945634911","https://openalex.org/W2989410369","https://openalex.org/W2996008114","https://openalex.org/W3011694704","https://openalex.org/W3011969010","https://openalex.org/W3029752803","https://openalex.org/W3093303806","https://openalex.org/W3115858393","https://openalex.org/W3134910218","https://openalex.org/W3145233187","https://openalex.org/W3156902078","https://openalex.org/W3170126048","https://openalex.org/W3205633885","https://openalex.org/W3213550776","https://openalex.org/W4213002214","https://openalex.org/W4254715848","https://openalex.org/W4307943431","https://openalex.org/W4322743542","https://openalex.org/W6627270292","https://openalex.org/W6729904503","https://openalex.org/W6741920221","https://openalex.org/W6759500087","https://openalex.org/W6791137580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897121675","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W3192667092","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W2972049582"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,54,84,217,236],"aflaj":[1,55,137,149,186,212,369],"systems":[2,56,138,164,187,370],"represent":[3],"unique":[4],"irrigation":[5],"technologies":[6],"that":[7,314],"have":[8,57,99],"been":[9],"implemented":[10],"in":[11,23,62,68,93,139,180,188,191,257,399],"the":[12,24,78,82,106,131,140,159,170,174,178,198,203,283,289,298,301,331,341,379],"Sultanate":[13],"of":[14,29,33,81,86,108,133,143,161,173,205,229,244,285,300,304,362,382],"Oman.":[15],"This":[16],"innovative":[17],"system,":[18],"referred":[19],"to":[20,40,77,111,194,246,270,279,282,319,339,347],"as":[21],"\u201cfalaj\u201d":[22],"singular":[25],"form,":[26],"is":[27],"composed":[28],"a":[30,59,74,240,254,359,372,390],"sophisticated":[31],"network":[32],"underground":[34],"tunnels":[35],"and":[36,51,70,89,95,115,126,151,154,166,182,215,233,262,274,296,311,325,337,350,365,388,401],"open-air":[37],"channels":[38],"designed":[39],"access":[41],"shallow":[42],"subterranean":[43],"water":[44,48,65],"tables,":[45],"thereby":[46],"providing":[47,375],"for":[49,102,209,333,392],"residential":[50],"agricultural":[52,317],"use.":[53],"played":[58],"significant":[60,100,255],"role":[61],"supporting":[63],"sustainable":[64],"resource":[66],"management":[67,336,398],"arid":[69,94,400],"semiarid":[71,96,402],"regions,":[72],"making":[73,395],"notable":[75],"contribution":[76],"socioeconomic":[79],"development":[80],"country.":[83],"alteration":[85],"land":[87,90,335,397],"use":[88],"cover":[91,277],"(LULC)":[92],"regions":[97],"can":[98],"consequences":[101],"hydrological":[103],"systems,":[104],"affecting":[105],"ability":[107],"local":[109],"ecosystems":[110],"manage":[112],"fresh":[113],"surface":[114],"groundwater":[116,208,286,386],"resources.":[117,287],"These":[118],"changes":[119,135,179,364,384],"are":[120,345],"often":[121],"caused":[122],"by":[123],"both":[124],"natural":[125],"anthropogenic":[127],"factors.":[128],"To":[129],"investigate":[130],"impact":[132,184,367],"LULC":[134,181,206,225,363,383],"on":[136,185,207,368,385,396],"northern":[141],"part":[142,172],"Oman,":[144],"we":[145,176,201],"utilized":[146,346],"satellite":[147],"imagery,":[148],"data,":[150],"spatial":[152],"analytical":[153],"image":[155],"processing":[156],"techniques":[157],"within":[158],"framework":[160],"geographic":[162],"information":[163],"(GIS)":[165],"remote":[167],"sensing.":[168],"In":[169,197,354],"first":[171],"study,":[175],"quantified":[177],"their":[183,366],"seven":[189],"cities":[190],"Oman":[192],"due":[193,281],"urban":[195,271],"expansion.":[196],"second":[199],"part,":[200],"evaluated":[202],"effect":[204],"four":[210,223,290],"major":[211],"between":[213,260],"1985":[214,261],"2021.":[216],"study":[218,291,329,357],"area":[219,303],"was":[220],"divided":[221],"into":[222,378],"primary":[224],"classifications:":[226],"vegetation,":[227],"bodies":[228],"water,":[230],"metropolitan":[231],"areas,":[232],"bare":[234,267],"soil.":[235],"classification":[237],"maps":[238],"demonstrated":[239],"high":[241],"overall":[242],"accuracy":[243],"90%":[245],"95%,":[247],"indicating":[248],"satisfactory":[249],"performance.":[250],"Our":[251,328],"results":[252],"revealed":[253],"reduction":[256,284],"vegetation":[258,276],"areas":[259,272],"2021,":[263],"primarily":[264],"shifting":[265],"from":[266,275,316],"soil":[268],"(BS)":[269],"(UAs)":[273],"(VC)":[278],"BS,":[280],"Over":[288],"periods":[292],"(1985\u20131990,":[293],"1990\u20132000,":[294],"2000\u20132013,":[295],"2013\u20132021),":[297],"percentages":[299],"total":[302],"Falaj":[305,307,309,312],"Al-Muyasser,":[306],"Daris,":[308],"Al-Maliki,":[310],"Al-Khatmeen":[313],"transformed":[315],"lands":[318],"UAs":[320],"were":[321],"40%,":[322],"39%,":[323],"32%,":[324],"8%,":[326],"respectively.":[327],"highlights":[330],"need":[332],"appropriate":[334],"planning":[338],"ensure":[340],"most":[342],"effective":[343],"solutions":[344],"meet":[348],"social":[349],"economic":[351],"sustainability":[352],"requirements.":[353],"conclusion,":[355],"our":[356],"presents":[358],"comprehensive":[360],"analysis":[361],"over":[371],"36-year":[373],"period,":[374],"new":[376],"insights":[377],"potential":[380],"effects":[381],"resources":[387],"offering":[389],"basis":[391],"informed":[393],"decision":[394],"areas.":[403]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-24T08:02:53.985720","created_date":"2023-03-30T00:00:00"}
