{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361009600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770","title":"Unsupervised Change Detection for VHR Remote Sensing Images Based on Temporal-Spatial-Structural Graphs","display_name":"Unsupervised Change Detection for VHR Remote Sensing Images Based on Temporal-Spatial-Structural Graphs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361009600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1770/pdf?version=1679753647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1770/pdf?version=1679753647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051459019","display_name":"Junzheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junzheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013700","display_name":"Weiping Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0640-3922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiping Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100945435","display_name":"Bian Hui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032931487","display_name":"Kenan Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409514","display_name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9966-7803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060762921","display_name":"Xue Kong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151975","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04svrh266","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi\u2019an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334879","display_name":"Biao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-8487"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051459019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575","https://openalex.org/I4210151975"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3241,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58675008,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1770","last_page":"1770"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7928550243377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.5918365716934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48765575885772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46924805641174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.46807917952537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.45273393392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4439316391944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14279991388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.07865399122238159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7928550243377686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.5918365716934204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48765575885772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46924805641174316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46807917952537537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.45273393392562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4439316391944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14279991388320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.07865399122238159}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1770/pdf?version=1679753647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4feac88bea734339a9db959b5ba7392c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4feac88bea734339a9db959b5ba7392c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1770 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/7/1770/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 7; Pages: 1770","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15071770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15071770","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/7/1770/pdf?version=1679753647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1302225335","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4361009600.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972023946","https://openalex.org/W1998595580","https://openalex.org/W2023847826","https://openalex.org/W2043734872","https://openalex.org/W2100290662","https://openalex.org/W2104374858","https://openalex.org/W2126176832","https://openalex.org/W2146954163","https://openalex.org/W2160544350","https://openalex.org/W2170140722","https://openalex.org/W2293779343","https://openalex.org/W2313026423","https://openalex.org/W2471141653","https://openalex.org/W2475801638","https://openalex.org/W2517579290","https://openalex.org/W2531619007","https://openalex.org/W2548582196","https://openalex.org/W2773780472","https://openalex.org/W2902788350","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2911805825","https://openalex.org/W2913545968","https://openalex.org/W2954332586","https://openalex.org/W2957808835","https://openalex.org/W3017151926","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3040323135","https://openalex.org/W3090970712","https://openalex.org/W3105553032","https://openalex.org/W3170353460","https://openalex.org/W3176330035","https://openalex.org/W3186638334","https://openalex.org/W4312705334","https://openalex.org/W6797500923","https://openalex.org/W6798762405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2389381914","https://openalex.org/W2376528221","https://openalex.org/W196800607","https://openalex.org/W2359428812","https://openalex.org/W3181296946","https://openalex.org/W2015705630","https://openalex.org/W2355368334","https://openalex.org/W2073313993"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,30,80,88,101,109,114,124,140,156,165,175,192,197],"aim":[2],"of":[3,39,45,78,83,145,167,178,196],"automatically":[4],"extracting":[5],"fine":[6,94],"change":[7,12],"information":[8,82,144],"from":[9,129],"ground":[10,40,84],"objects,":[11,41],"detection":[13],"(CD)":[14],"for":[15,69],"very":[16],"high":[17],"resolution":[18],"(VHR)":[19],"remote":[20],"sensing":[21],"images":[22,190],"is":[23,67,97,105,152,170],"extremely":[24],"essential":[25],"in":[26,32],"various":[27],"applications.":[28],"However,":[29],"increase":[31],"spatial":[33,110],"resolution,":[34],"more":[35,42,48,57,137,171],"complicated":[36],"interactive":[37,125],"relationships":[38,90],"evident":[43],"diversity":[44],"spectra,":[46],"and":[47,93,142,158,188,194],"severe":[49],"speckle":[50],"noise":[51],"make":[52],"accurately":[53],"identifying":[54],"relevant":[55],"changes":[56],"challenging.":[58],"To":[59],"address":[60],"these":[61],"issues,":[62],"an":[63],"unsupervised":[64],"temporal-spatial-structural":[65,115,179],"graph":[66],"proposed":[68,198],"CD":[70],"tasks.":[71],"Treating":[72],"each":[73],"superpixel":[74],"as":[75],"a":[76,149],"node":[77],"graph,":[79],"structural":[81,141,159],"objects":[85],"presented":[86],"by":[87],"parent\u2013offspring":[89],"with":[91,108],"coarse":[92],"segmented":[95],"scales":[96],"introduced":[98],"to":[99,112,132,155,163,174],"define":[100],"temporal-structural":[102],"neighborhood,":[103],"which":[104,135,169],"then":[106],"incorporated":[107],"neighborhood":[111],"form":[113],"neighborhood.":[116],"The":[117,181],"graphs":[118,162],"defined":[119],"on":[120,184],"such":[121],"neighborhoods":[122],"extend":[123],"range":[126],"among":[127],"nodes":[128],"two":[130],"dimensions":[131],"three":[133],"dimensions,":[134],"can":[136],"perfectly":[138],"exploit":[139],"contextual":[143],"bi-temporal":[146],"images.":[147],"Subsequently,":[148],"metric":[150],"function":[151],"designed":[153],"according":[154],"spectral":[157],"similarity":[160],"between":[161],"measure":[164],"level":[166],"changes,":[168],"reasonable":[172],"due":[173],"comprehensive":[176],"utilization":[177],"information.":[180],"experimental":[182],"results":[183],"both":[185],"VHR":[186],"optical":[187],"SAR":[189],"demonstrate":[191],"superiority":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"method.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
