{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4353073827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706","title":"Convolutional Neural Network-Driven Improvements in Global Cloud Detection for Landsat 8 and Transfer Learning on Sentinel-2 Imagery","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Network-Driven Improvements in Global Cloud Detection for Landsat 8 and Transfer Learning on Sentinel-2 Imagery","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4353073827","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1706/pdf?version=1679477461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1706/pdf?version=1679477461","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088354695","display_name":"Shulin Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6696-453X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shulin Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018668652","display_name":"Lin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9607-9232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010089602","display_name":"Yanan Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042819322","display_name":"Yutiao Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100659086","display_name":"Jing Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8803-7056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144776","display_name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center","ror":"https://ror.org/042607708","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100659086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144776","https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.8104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93972239,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1706","last_page":"1706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7398009300231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7097316384315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6732078194618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6304807662963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5473383665084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48237648606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.41141635179519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3858014643192291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17414116859436035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7398009300231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7097316384315491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6732078194618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6304807662963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5473383665084839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48237648606300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.41141635179519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3858014643192291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17414116859436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1706/pdf?version=1679477461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c13c82383ba94fd7a04088a246355555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c13c82383ba94fd7a04088a246355555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1706 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/6/1706/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1706","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061706","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1706/pdf?version=1679477461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4353073827.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543902573","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1976978666","https://openalex.org/W1977771493","https://openalex.org/W1992085857","https://openalex.org/W1997887332","https://openalex.org/W2013689051","https://openalex.org/W2018300239","https://openalex.org/W2019812041","https://openalex.org/W2025745000","https://openalex.org/W2028191110","https://openalex.org/W2028240797","https://openalex.org/W2053811834","https://openalex.org/W2055138256","https://openalex.org/W2063446453","https://openalex.org/W2068124105","https://openalex.org/W2071005418","https://openalex.org/W2082684467","https://openalex.org/W2085282193","https://openalex.org/W2086148793","https://openalex.org/W2101983762","https://openalex.org/W2107118194","https://openalex.org/W2118750827","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2166251851","https://openalex.org/W2167968759","https://openalex.org/W2332981326","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2463021868","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2535388113","https://openalex.org/W2581485081","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2605847660","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2762941833","https://openalex.org/W2774231404","https://openalex.org/W2797061331","https://openalex.org/W2799805920","https://openalex.org/W2800388963","https://openalex.org/W2802828972","https://openalex.org/W2803946774","https://openalex.org/W2806480185","https://openalex.org/W2885850997","https://openalex.org/W2887257732","https://openalex.org/W2896093403","https://openalex.org/W2910101086","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2914965007","https://openalex.org/W2917440533","https://openalex.org/W2923782278","https://openalex.org/W2945778316","https://openalex.org/W2946072066","https://openalex.org/W2950314938","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2963999097","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2992172495","https://openalex.org/W2995934920","https://openalex.org/W3039156183","https://openalex.org/W3041874188","https://openalex.org/W3044075475","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3096846826","https://openalex.org/W3141753784","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3204895347","https://openalex.org/W3208096602","https://openalex.org/W4205510142","https://openalex.org/W4226359564","https://openalex.org/W4291653124","https://openalex.org/W4292702164","https://openalex.org/W4312795296","https://openalex.org/W4318066364","https://openalex.org/W6632628723","https://openalex.org/W6666052387","https://openalex.org/W6803301848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244478748","https://openalex.org/W4223488648","https://openalex.org/W2134969820","https://openalex.org/W2251605416","https://openalex.org/W4389340727","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"stable":[1],"and":[2,30,112,132,167,191,209,215,220],"reliable":[3],"cloud":[4,87,139,159,170,235],"detection":[5,88],"algorithm":[6],"is":[7,126,231],"an":[8],"important":[9],"step":[10],"of":[11,26,44,62,141,253],"optical":[12],"satellite":[13,263],"data":[14,264],"preprocessing.":[15,265],"Existing":[16],"threshold":[17],"methods":[18,54],"are":[19,65,95],"mostly":[20],"based":[21],"on":[22],"classifying":[23],"spectral":[24,100],"features":[25],"isolated":[27],"individual":[28],"pixels":[29],"do":[31],"not":[32],"contain":[33],"or":[34,51],"incorporate":[35],"the":[36,63,85,113,138,142,149,154,158,169,182,223,238,250],"spatial":[37],"information.":[38],"This":[39],"often":[40],"leads":[41],"to":[42,67,83,104],"misclassifications":[43],"bright":[45,216],"surfaces,":[46],"such":[47,259],"as":[48,97,260],"human-made":[49],"structures":[50],"snow/ice.":[52],"Multi-temporal":[53],"can":[55,204],"alleviate":[56],"this":[57,72],"problem,":[58],"but":[59],"cloud-free":[60],"images":[61],"scene":[64],"difficult":[66],"obtain.":[68],"To":[69],"deal":[70],"with":[71,181],"issue,":[73],"we":[74],"extended":[75,143],"four":[76],"deep-learning":[77],"Convolutional":[78],"Neural":[79],"Network":[80],"(CNN)":[81],"models":[82,155],"improve":[84],"global":[86,119],"accuracy":[89,173,242],"for":[90,129,176,199,227,237],"Landsat":[91,120,177,228],"imagery.":[92],"The":[93],"inputs":[94],"simplified":[96],"all":[98,153],"discrete":[99],"channels":[101],"from":[102],"visible":[103],"short":[105],"wave":[106],"infrared":[107],"wavelengths":[108],"through":[109],"radiometric":[110],"calibration,":[111],"United":[114],"States":[115],"Geological":[116],"Survey":[117],"(USGS)":[118],"8":[121,178,229],"Biome":[122],"cloud-cover":[123],"assessment":[124],"dataset":[125],"randomly":[127],"divided":[128],"model":[130,145,203,225,255],"training":[131],"validation":[133,184],"independently.":[134],"Experiments":[135],"demonstrate":[136],"that":[137],"mask":[140],"U-net":[144],"(i.e.,":[146],"UNmask)":[147],"yields":[148],"best":[150],"performance":[151],"among":[152],"in":[156,186,234,256],"estimating":[157],"amounts":[160],"(cloud":[161],"amount":[162],"difference,":[163],"CAD":[164],"=":[165,174,243],"\u22120.35%)":[166],"capturing":[168],"distributions":[171],"(overall":[172,241],"94.9%)":[175],"imagery":[179,230,240],"compared":[180],"real":[183],"masks;":[185],"particular,":[187],"it":[188],"runs":[189],"fast":[190],"only":[192],"takes":[193],"about":[194],"41":[195],"\u00b1":[196],"5.5":[197],"s":[198],"each":[200],"scene.":[201],"Our":[202],"also":[205],"actually":[206],"detect":[207],"broken":[208],"thin":[210],"clouds":[211],"over":[212],"both":[213],"dark":[214],"surfaces":[217],"(e.g.,":[218],"urban":[219],"barren).":[221],"Last,":[222],"UNmask":[224],"trained":[226],"successfully":[232],"applied":[233],"detections":[236],"Sentinel-2":[239],"90.1%)":[244],"via":[245],"transfer":[246],"learning.":[247],"These":[248],"prove":[249],"great":[251],"potential":[252],"our":[254],"future":[257],"applications":[258],"remote":[261],"sensing":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-03-23T00:00:00"}