{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4353089850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701","title":"A Low-Cost Deep Learning System to Characterize Asphalt Surface Deterioration","display_name":"A Low-Cost Deep Learning System to Characterize Asphalt Surface Deterioration","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4353089850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1701/pdf?version=1679471281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1701/pdf?version=1679471281","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073353907","display_name":"Diogo In\u00e1cio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diogo In\u00e1cio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072254274","display_name":"Henrique Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8687-4291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802390120","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja","ror":"https://ror.org/00t9n0h58","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802390120"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-111 Beja, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT-Lisboa), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Beja, 7800-111 Beja, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802390120"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT-Lisboa), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004419575","display_name":"Pedro Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8476-3333"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tecnofisil, Av. Lu\u00eds B\u00edvar 85A, 1050-143 Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tecnofisil, Av. Lu\u00eds B\u00edvar 85A, 1050-143 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019322980","display_name":"Paulo Lobato Correia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6525-9572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Correia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT-Lisboa), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022","https://openalex.org/I141596103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es (IT-Lisboa), 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072254274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802390120","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69591414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1701","last_page":"1701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-surface","display_name":"Road surface","score":0.7803853750228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5439320802688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.5090093612670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.47469180822372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fatigue-cracking","display_name":"Fatigue cracking","score":0.45450976490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pavement-management","display_name":"Pavement management","score":0.423452228307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asphalt-pavement","display_name":"Asphalt pavement","score":0.42024847865104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asphalt","display_name":"Asphalt","score":0.4178151488304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/highway-maintenance","display_name":"Highway maintenance","score":0.41747719049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.25600665807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23049205541610718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780042925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049667","display_name":"Road surface","level":2,"score":0.7803853750228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5439320802688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5090093612670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.47469180822372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020080851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507234","display_name":"Fatigue cracking","level":3,"score":0.45450976490974426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780996376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747460","display_name":"Pavement management","level":2,"score":0.423452228307724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986189917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049667","display_name":"Asphalt pavement","level":3,"score":0.42024847865104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168056786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202251","display_name":"Asphalt","level":2,"score":0.4178151488304138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993224921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442","display_name":"Highway maintenance","level":2,"score":0.41747719049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.25600665807724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23049205541610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1701/pdf?version=1679471281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ed9fec2c4be4a1484d18e826fe9002f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ed9fec2c4be4a1484d18e826fe9002f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1701 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/6/1701/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1701","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.ipbeja.pt:20.500.12207/7271","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repositorio.ipbeja.pt/handle/20.500.12207/7271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061701","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1701/pdf?version=1679471281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4353089850.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513400187","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1974605586","https://openalex.org/W1995130521","https://openalex.org/W2008935780","https://openalex.org/W2157843992","https://openalex.org/W2160097539","https://openalex.org/W2166893195","https://openalex.org/W2193325189","https://openalex.org/W2407400785","https://openalex.org/W2511065100","https://openalex.org/W2588612844","https://openalex.org/W2898061234","https://openalex.org/W2902195199","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2966555748","https://openalex.org/W2998997213","https://openalex.org/W3007268491","https://openalex.org/W3022492425","https://openalex.org/W3198911825","https://openalex.org/W3217564111","https://openalex.org/W4206312142","https://openalex.org/W4226095742","https://openalex.org/W4308689110","https://openalex.org/W6803376173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566602874","https://openalex.org/W4200047869","https://openalex.org/W4280577746","https://openalex.org/W1720932019","https://openalex.org/W2354609614","https://openalex.org/W3118262746","https://openalex.org/W2032966219","https://openalex.org/W985427966","https://openalex.org/W2372203288","https://openalex.org/W2352994768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Every":[0],"day":[1],"millions":[2],"of":[3,18,35,106,133,167],"people":[4],"travel":[5],"on":[6,76,97],"highways":[7],"for":[8,188],"work-":[9],"or":[10,152],"leisure-related":[11],"purposes.":[12],"Ensuring":[13],"road":[14,24,37,60,113,135,156,192],"safety":[15],"is":[16,26,181],"thus":[17],"paramount":[19],"importance,":[20],"and":[21,45,64,93,170,173],"maintaining":[22],"good-quality":[23],"pavements":[25],"essential,":[27],"requiring":[28],"an":[29,89,116,185],"effective":[30,186],"maintenance":[31,39,69,151],"policy.":[32],"The":[33,101,159],"automation":[34],"some":[36],"pavement":[38,61,83,136,157,193],"tasks":[40],"can":[41],"reduce":[42],"the":[43,124,134,155,165,179],"time":[44],"effort":[46],"required":[47],"from":[48,123],"experts.":[49],"This":[50],"paper":[51],"proposes":[52],"a":[53,77,109,127,175],"simple":[54],"system":[55,95,102,160,180],"to":[56,81,88,118,148,183],"help":[57],"speed":[58],"up":[59],"surface":[62,137],"inspection":[63],"its":[65],"analysis":[66,166],"towards":[67],"making":[68],"decisions.":[70],"A":[71],"low-cost":[72],"video":[73],"camera":[74],"mounted":[75],"vehicle":[78],"was":[79,86],"used":[80],"capture":[82],"imagery,":[84],"which":[85,131,150],"fed":[87],"automatic":[90],"crack":[91],"detection":[92],"classification":[94],"based":[96],"deep":[98],"neural":[99],"networks.":[100],"provided":[103],"two":[104],"types":[105],"output:":[107],"(i)":[108],"cracking":[110],"percentage":[111],"per":[112],"segment,":[114],"providing":[115],"alert":[117],"areas":[119,132],"that":[120],"require":[121],"attention":[122],"experts;":[125],"(ii)":[126],"segmentation":[128],"map":[129],"highlighting":[130],"are":[138],"affected":[139],"by":[140],"cracking.":[141],"With":[142],"this":[143],"data,":[144],"it":[145],"became":[146],"possible":[147],"select":[149],"rehabilitation":[153],"processes":[154],"required.":[158],"achieved":[161],"promising":[162],"results":[163],"in":[164],"highway":[168],"pavements,":[169],"being":[171],"automated":[172],"having":[174],"low":[176],"processing":[177],"time,":[178],"expected":[182],"be":[184],"aid":[187],"experts":[189],"dealing":[190],"with":[191],"maintenance.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}