{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327971546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647","title":"Land Subsidence in Tianjin, China: Before and after the South-to-North Water Diversion","display_name":"Land Subsidence in Tianjin, China: Before and after the South-to-North Water Diversion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327971546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1647/pdf?version=1679278489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1647/pdf?version=1679278489","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085659674","display_name":"Xiao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-1260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051448705","display_name":"Guoquan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3731-3839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoquan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059036768","display_name":"Xie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100366687","display_name":"Yuhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7281-2126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005841076","display_name":"Yan Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0904-4443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085659674"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":25.8881,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99468706,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1647","last_page":"1647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9606000185012817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquifer","display_name":"Aquifer","score":0.5860035419464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometric-synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5724018216133118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidence","display_name":"Subsidence","score":0.5553699731826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.47613123059272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.4635578393936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4462578594684601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.42956817150115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.4108176827430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3601490259170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3251274824142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.29790839552879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21278822422027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.15396437048912048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.13192522525787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.11475428938865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.08921179175376892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75622301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208791","display_name":"Aquifer","level":3,"score":0.5860035419464111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22286887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666056","display_name":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar","level":3,"score":0.5724018216133118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180851071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Subsidence","level":3,"score":0.5553699731826782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.47613123059272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.4635578393936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4462578594684601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.42956817150115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4108176827430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3601490259170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3251274824142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.29790839552879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21278822422027588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.15396437048912048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.13192522525787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.11475428938865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08921179175376892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1647/pdf?version=1679278489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14cbb36e70c04df0ac464498cda287c6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14cbb36e70c04df0ac464498cda287c6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1647 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/6/1647/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1647","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15061647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/6/1647/pdf?version=1679278489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327971546.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583334776","https://openalex.org/W1911067730","https://openalex.org/W1978678445","https://openalex.org/W2006183977","https://openalex.org/W2008505918","https://openalex.org/W2059496600","https://openalex.org/W2060803307","https://openalex.org/W2069386252","https://openalex.org/W2084744129","https://openalex.org/W2087076405","https://openalex.org/W2144694673","https://openalex.org/W2144803728","https://openalex.org/W2152657318","https://openalex.org/W2153979520","https://openalex.org/W2212251447","https://openalex.org/W2222079518","https://openalex.org/W2295124130","https://openalex.org/W2309281025","https://openalex.org/W2319827811","https://openalex.org/W2335178761","https://openalex.org/W2529276544","https://openalex.org/W2742428759","https://openalex.org/W2767941649","https://openalex.org/W2771283265","https://openalex.org/W2792272126","https://openalex.org/W2802636397","https://openalex.org/W2804606207","https://openalex.org/W2911302579","https://openalex.org/W2955413675","https://openalex.org/W2972175553","https://openalex.org/W3005285313","https://openalex.org/W3019218930","https://openalex.org/W3048813814","https://openalex.org/W3096774317","https://openalex.org/W3128371590","https://openalex.org/W3133061207","https://openalex.org/W3136556431","https://openalex.org/W3210732069","https://openalex.org/W3215867516","https://openalex.org/W3217290679","https://openalex.org/W4240109574","https://openalex.org/W4249744610","https://openalex.org/W4289890990","https://openalex.org/W4296057682","https://openalex.org/W4296083367","https://openalex.org/W4307496623","https://openalex.org/W4308885550","https://openalex.org/W4309408284","https://openalex.org/W6697018724","https://openalex.org/W6776414018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015747722","https://openalex.org/W2362050182","https://openalex.org/W2382418233","https://openalex.org/W2127359929","https://openalex.org/W2374921833","https://openalex.org/W2130313420","https://openalex.org/W2367032543","https://openalex.org/W2365547495","https://openalex.org/W2351886052","https://openalex.org/W4294237504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,189],"South-to-North":[1],"Water":[2],"Diversion":[3],"(SNWD)":[4],"is":[5,75,197],"a":[6],"multi-decadal":[7],"infrastructure":[8],"project":[9],"in":[10,18,34,64,66,170,195,211,221],"China":[11],"aimed":[12],"at":[13,271],"alleviating":[14],"severe":[15],"water":[16,269],"shortages":[17],"north":[19],"China.":[20],"It":[21],"has":[22,94,113],"imposed":[23],"broad":[24],"social,":[25],"economic,":[26],"environmental,":[27],"and":[28,51,134,145,151,176,226,241,267,274],"ecological":[29],"impacts":[30,59],"since":[31,100],"2015,":[32],"particularly":[33],"the":[35,58,70,82,90,97,108,122,127,154,165,186,222,230,238,250,255,262],"Beijing-Tianjin":[36],"metropolitan":[37],"area.":[38],"Sentinel-1A/B":[39],"Interferometric":[40],"Synthetic":[41],"Aperture":[42],"Radar":[43],"(InSAR)":[44],"(2014\u20132021),":[45],"Global":[46],"Positioning":[47],"System":[48],"(GPS)":[49],"(2010\u20132021),":[50],"hydraulic-head":[52],"data":[53],"are":[54],"used":[55],"to":[56,77,103,115,142,182,199,203,229],"assess":[57],"on":[60],"ongoing":[61,190],"land":[62,84,187,239,278],"subsidence":[63,99,131,137,159,192,215,242,279],"Tianjin":[65,196],"this":[67],"study.":[68],"Additionally,":[69],"Principal":[71],"Component":[72],"Analysis":[73],"(PCA)":[74],"employed":[76],"highlight":[78],"primary":[79],"factors":[80],"controlling":[81],"recent":[83],"subsidence.":[85],"Our":[86],"results":[87],"show":[88],"that":[89],"reduced":[91,114,141],"groundwater":[92,266],"pumping":[93],"slowed":[95],"down":[96],"overall":[98],"2019":[101],"due":[102],"SNWD.":[104,157],"As":[105],"of":[106,121,129,153,168,173,264],"2021,":[107],"subsiding":[109,123],"area":[110,124],"(&gt;5":[111],"mm/year)":[112,133,139,194],"about":[116],"5400":[117],"km2,":[118,147],"approximately":[119,149,180,234],"85%":[120],"before":[125,156],"SNWD;":[126],"areas":[128,155,201],"rapid":[130,136,191],"(&gt;30":[132,193],"extremely":[135],"(&gt;50":[138],"have":[140],"1300":[143],"km2":[144],"280":[146],"respectively,":[148],"70%":[150],"60%":[152],"Recent":[158],"(2016\u20132021)":[160],"was":[161],"primarily":[162],"contributed":[163],"by":[164],"inelastic":[166],"compaction":[167],"clays":[169],"deep":[171,223],"aquifers":[172],"Aquifers":[174,224],"III":[175],"IV":[177],"ranging":[178],"from":[179],"200":[181],"450":[183],"m":[184,236],"below":[185,237],"surface.":[188],"limited":[198],"border":[200],"adjacent":[202],"large":[204],"industrial":[205],"cities":[206],"(e.g.,":[207],"Langfang,":[208],"Tanshan,":[209],"Cangzhou)":[210],"Hebei":[212],"Province.":[213],"Ongoing":[214],"will":[216,243],"cease":[217],"when":[218],"hydraulic":[219,251],"heads":[220,252],"(IV":[225],"V)":[227],"recover":[228],"new":[231,256],"pre-consolidation":[232,257],"head,":[233],"45":[235],"surface,":[240],"not":[244],"be":[245],"reinitiated":[246],"as":[247,249],"long":[248],"remain":[253],"above":[254],"head.":[258],"This":[259],"study":[260],"reveals":[261],"importance":[263],"coordinating":[265],"surface":[268],"uses":[270],"local,":[272],"regional,":[273],"national":[275],"scales":[276],"for":[277],"mitigation.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
