{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323045981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418","title":"Bivariate Landslide Susceptibility Analysis: Clarification, Optimization, Open Software, and Preliminary Comparison","display_name":"Bivariate Landslide Susceptibility Analysis: Clarification, Optimization, Open Software, and Preliminary Comparison","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323045981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1418/pdf?version=1678067401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1418/pdf?version=1678067401","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045820454","display_name":"Langping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-3161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044568921","display_name":"Hengxing Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7146-932X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hengxing Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044568921"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I25355098","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.1317,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96379493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1418","last_page":"1418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12293","display_name":"Dam Engineering and Safety","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-analysis","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","score":0.9483307600021362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-data","display_name":"Bivariate data","score":0.6660393476486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-probability","display_name":"Conditional probability","score":0.5736196041107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-probability-distribution","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","score":0.5534687638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4757506549358368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.41180622577667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4068872928619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3847225308418274}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.9483307600021362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148264743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919224","display_name":"Bivariate data","level":3,"score":0.6660393476486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44492722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327069","display_name":"Conditional probability","level":2,"score":0.5736196041107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18653775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333358","display_name":"Joint probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5534687638282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4757506549358368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41180622577667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4068872928619385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3847225308418274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1418/pdf?version=1678067401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:32b154c1e0d3464b95040f5c0ae7721a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/32b154c1e0d3464b95040f5c0ae7721a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1418 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1418/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051418","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1418/pdf?version=1678067401","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1239095520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23090301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2295562930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3880841229","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDA23090301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4914381604","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42177150","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8877176279","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. XDA","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G93062228","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0904","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4323045981.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188378287","https://openalex.org/W834961641","https://openalex.org/W872839841","https://openalex.org/W1565369784","https://openalex.org/W1853076925","https://openalex.org/W1965437332","https://openalex.org/W1971638662","https://openalex.org/W1978905539","https://openalex.org/W1979844319","https://openalex.org/W1980324470","https://openalex.org/W1981493349","https://openalex.org/W1987807204","https://openalex.org/W1998439728","https://openalex.org/W2000380895","https://openalex.org/W2003033499","https://openalex.org/W2012702170","https://openalex.org/W2018612134","https://openalex.org/W2020062384","https://openalex.org/W2021866405","https://openalex.org/W2022413002","https://openalex.org/W2026492654","https://openalex.org/W2029608886","https://openalex.org/W2029816621","https://openalex.org/W2034727283","https://openalex.org/W2037768558","https://openalex.org/W2041117772","https://openalex.org/W2044054256","https://openalex.org/W2053449690","https://openalex.org/W2054036854","https://openalex.org/W2057044684","https://openalex.org/W2058192194","https://openalex.org/W2079723696","https://openalex.org/W2090091295","https://openalex.org/W2092803403","https://openalex.org/W2097698267","https://openalex.org/W2134093779","https://openalex.org/W2148470216","https://openalex.org/W2191761327","https://openalex.org/W2231559881","https://openalex.org/W2342016430","https://openalex.org/W2487437301","https://openalex.org/W2534968820","https://openalex.org/W2542420325","https://openalex.org/W2753861921","https://openalex.org/W2762941055","https://openalex.org/W2793831793","https://openalex.org/W2902149770","https://openalex.org/W2909103422","https://openalex.org/W2913731472","https://openalex.org/W2921836068","https://openalex.org/W2922361723","https://openalex.org/W2938326879","https://openalex.org/W2950552905","https://openalex.org/W2968122609","https://openalex.org/W2972059823","https://openalex.org/W3004202498","https://openalex.org/W3011022339","https://openalex.org/W3021580388","https://openalex.org/W3033272821","https://openalex.org/W3036650968","https://openalex.org/W3097843884","https://openalex.org/W3126412894","https://openalex.org/W3130314725","https://openalex.org/W3139357056","https://openalex.org/W3167998767","https://openalex.org/W3201119305","https://openalex.org/W3201370137","https://openalex.org/W3216311427","https://openalex.org/W4206178254","https://openalex.org/W4220718772","https://openalex.org/W4224047255","https://openalex.org/W4226047232","https://openalex.org/W4226288092","https://openalex.org/W4229061167","https://openalex.org/W4243498079","https://openalex.org/W4282562798","https://openalex.org/W4282937013","https://openalex.org/W4291017561","https://openalex.org/W4295182907","https://openalex.org/W4295864678","https://openalex.org/W4297905847","https://openalex.org/W6665255733","https://openalex.org/W6673250033","https://openalex.org/W6704218329","https://openalex.org/W6763998059"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117322591","https://openalex.org/W2769554013","https://openalex.org/W4247082354","https://openalex.org/W3003594144","https://openalex.org/W1978117141","https://openalex.org/W2152457604","https://openalex.org/W2383655479","https://openalex.org/W4235062529","https://openalex.org/W2769468433","https://openalex.org/W2073622612"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bivariate":[0],"data-driven":[1],"methods":[2,19,33,50,72,132,198,219,234,240,284],"have":[3,116,220],"been":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"in":[7,56,109,138,269,285],"landslide":[8,79,83,286],"susceptibility":[9,287],"analysis.":[10,288],"However,":[11],"the":[12,26,122,145,166,175,194,200,212,226,243,247,251],"names,":[13,27],"principles,":[14,28],"and":[15,29,41,54,111,144,169,199,229,246,265,275,280],"correlations":[16,30],"of":[17,31,46,78,255,282],"bivariate":[18,32,49,63,71,96,131,162,197,218,233,239,283],"are":[20,34,51,105,113,142],"still":[21],"confused.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,270],"paper,":[25],"first":[35],"clarified":[36,91],"based":[37,164],"on":[38,74,101,165],"a":[39,57,61,117,135,150,156,205,221],"comprehensive":[40],"in-depth":[42],"survey.":[43],"A":[44],"total":[45],"eleven":[47],"prevalent":[48,70],"identified,":[52],"nominated,":[53],"elaborated":[55],"general":[58,157,201],"framework,":[59],"constituting":[60],"well-structured":[62],"method":[64],"family.":[65],"We":[66],"show":[67],"that":[68,92,129,215,231],"all":[69],"depend":[73,100],"empirical":[75,102],"conditional":[76,103],"probabilities":[77],"occurrence":[80],"to":[81,115,134,192,249,257],"calculate":[82],"susceptibilities,":[84],"either":[85],"exclusively":[86,99],"or":[87,120,224],"inclusively.":[88],"It":[89,125],"is":[90,126,147,180,190,208],"those":[93],"eight":[94,195],"\u201cconditional-probability-based\u201d":[95],"methods,":[97,163],"which":[98,139,210],"probabilities,":[104],"particularly":[106],"strongly":[107],"correlated":[108],"principle,":[110],"therefore":[112],"expected":[114],"very":[118,222],"close":[119,223],"even":[121,225],"same":[123,227],"performance.":[124],"also":[127],"suggested":[128],"conditional-probability-based":[130,161,196,217],"apply":[133],"\u201cclassification-free\u201d":[136],"modification,":[137],"factor":[140],"classifications":[141],"avoided":[143],"result":[146],"dominated":[148],"by":[149,173],"single":[151],"parameter,":[152],"\u201cbin":[153],"width\u201d.":[154],"Then,":[155],"optimization":[158,202],"framework":[159],"for":[160,259,278],"classification-free":[167],"modification":[168],"obtaining":[170],"optimum":[171],"results":[172],"optimizing":[174],"dominant":[176],"parameter":[177],"bin":[178],"width,":[179],"proposed.":[181],"The":[182,263],"open":[183,266],"software":[184,267],"Automatic":[185],"Landslide":[186],"Susceptibility":[187],"Analysis":[188],"(ALSA)":[189],"updated":[191],"implement":[193],"framework.":[203],"Finally,":[204],"case":[206],"study":[207,271],"presented,":[209],"confirms":[211],"theoretical":[213,274],"expectation":[214],"different":[216],"performance,":[228],"shows":[230],"optimal":[232],"perform":[235],"better":[236],"than":[237],"conventional":[238],"regarding":[241],"both":[242,273],"prediction":[244],"rate":[245],"ability":[248],"reveal":[250],"quasi-continuous":[252],"varying":[253],"pattern":[254],"sensibilities":[256],"landslides":[258],"individual":[260],"predisposing":[261],"factors.":[262],"principles":[264],"presented":[268],"provide":[272],"practical":[276],"foundations":[277],"applications":[279],"explorations":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}