{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322772371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388","title":"Natura 2000 Grassland Habitats Mapping Based on Spectro-Temporal Dimension of Sentinel-2 Images with Machine Learning","display_name":"Natura 2000 Grassland Habitats Mapping Based on Spectro-Temporal Dimension of Sentinel-2 Images with Machine Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322772371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1388/pdf?version=1677661454","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1388/pdf?version=1677661454","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081973292","display_name":"Adriana Marcinkowska-Ochtyra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9080-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Marcinkowska-Ochtyra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061671139","display_name":"Adrian Ochtyra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-8093"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Ochtyra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011835601","display_name":"Edwin Raczko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-9955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4654613","display_name":"University of Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/039bjqg32","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Raczko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics, Cartography and Remote Sensing, Chair of Geomatics and Information Systems, Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021649500","display_name":"Dominik Kope\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0831-2992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34250744","display_name":"University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a","ror":"https://ror.org/05cq64r17","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34250744"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087548","display_name":"MGGP Aero (Poland)","ror":"https://ror.org/0055ya375","country_code":"PL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087548"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Kope\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biogeography, Paleoecology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","MGGP Aero Sp. z o.o., 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biogeography, Paleoecology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34250744"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MGGP Aero Sp. z o.o., 33-100 Tarn\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087548"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081973292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4654613"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.1192,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9441093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1388","last_page":"1388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10895","display_name":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2302","display_name":"Ecological Modeling"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natura-2000","display_name":"Natura 2000","score":0.8635532855987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6156690716743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5935330986976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5913674235343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5564122796058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5311609506607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat","display_name":"Habitat","score":0.4953869581222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grassland","display_name":"Grassland","score":0.46298280358314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitats-directive","display_name":"Habitats Directive","score":0.4591789245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.42212727665901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3867585062980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1745244264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.17014223337173462}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780815956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503021","display_name":"Natura 2000","level":3,"score":0.8635532855987549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6156690716743469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5935330986976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5913674235343933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5564122796058655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5311609506607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.4953869581222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775835988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006733","display_name":"Grassland","level":2,"score":0.46298280358314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777961954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759874","display_name":"Habitats Directive","level":3,"score":0.4591789245605469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.42212727665901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3867585062980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1745244264602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17014223337173462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1388/pdf?version=1677661454","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d0a11d6066245bd9de77bb28da42cc1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d0a11d6066245bd9de77bb28da42cc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1388 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1388/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051388","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1388/pdf?version=1677661454","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322772371.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W273955616","https://openalex.org/W1980146641","https://openalex.org/W2025389829","https://openalex.org/W2039067795","https://openalex.org/W2059217921","https://openalex.org/W2083213691","https://openalex.org/W2086060411","https://openalex.org/W2091290761","https://openalex.org/W2107772748","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114635925","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2142814220","https://openalex.org/W2149298154","https://openalex.org/W2168231435","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2339415905","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2766942241","https://openalex.org/W2796189661","https://openalex.org/W2878970138","https://openalex.org/W2885623990","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913586827","https://openalex.org/W2935706473","https://openalex.org/W2942074968","https://openalex.org/W2945897702","https://openalex.org/W2978632912","https://openalex.org/W2984975986","https://openalex.org/W2988576146","https://openalex.org/W2997539956","https://openalex.org/W3000415744","https://openalex.org/W3004183582","https://openalex.org/W3005383134","https://openalex.org/W3014368515","https://openalex.org/W3015903713","https://openalex.org/W3081354170","https://openalex.org/W3088162569","https://openalex.org/W3122585208","https://openalex.org/W3127729533","https://openalex.org/W3133146351","https://openalex.org/W3159278315","https://openalex.org/W3166213822","https://openalex.org/W3181828837","https://openalex.org/W3184361064","https://openalex.org/W3185840992","https://openalex.org/W3201982122","https://openalex.org/W3205663347","https://openalex.org/W4205458104","https://openalex.org/W4211175631","https://openalex.org/W4214630874","https://openalex.org/W6610017368","https://openalex.org/W6645190923","https://openalex.org/W6660269513","https://openalex.org/W6670979182","https://openalex.org/W6681168425","https://openalex.org/W6684902628","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6772474472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077778658","https://openalex.org/W2950767976","https://openalex.org/W2598221695","https://openalex.org/W2902286271","https://openalex.org/W3209321518","https://openalex.org/W2926711546","https://openalex.org/W2025348021","https://openalex.org/W3122855065","https://openalex.org/W2068242691","https://openalex.org/W2810645571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Habitat":[0],"mapping":[1,81,227],"is":[2,40],"essential":[3],"for":[4,23,38,80,124,165,204,208,226,242],"the":[5,18,24,27,32,52,60,91,106,151,183,186,193,215,218,238],"management":[6],"and":[7,55,114,131,145,148,174,206,230],"monitoring":[8],"of":[9,26,34,48,59,185,217,221,232,240],"Natura":[10,84],"2000":[11,85],"sites.":[12],"Time-consuming":[13],"field":[14],"surveys":[15],"are":[16],"still":[17],"most":[19],"frequently":[20],"used":[21,120],"solution":[22],"implementation":[25],"European":[28],"Habitats":[29],"Directive,":[30],"but":[31,190],"use":[33,76,239],"remote":[35],"sensing":[36],"tools":[37],"this":[39,68,71,211,243],"becoming":[41],"more":[42],"common.":[43],"The":[44,156],"high":[45],"temporal":[46],"resolution":[47],"Sentinel-2":[49,78,222],"data,":[50,140],"registering":[51],"visible,":[53],"near,":[54],"shortwave":[56],"infrared":[57],"ranges":[58],"electromagnetic":[61],"spectrum,":[62],"makes":[63],"them":[64],"valuable":[65],"material":[66],"in":[67,87],"context.":[69],"In":[70,210],"study,":[72],"we":[73,115,141,163,180,191,213],"aimed":[74],"to":[75],"multitemporal":[77],"data":[79,99,225],"three":[82],"grassland":[83,228],"habitats":[86,166],"Poland.":[88],"We":[89],"performed":[90,150],"classification":[92],"based":[93],"on":[94,137],"spectro-temporal":[95],"features":[96],"extracted":[97],"from":[98,101],"collected":[100],"eight":[102],"different":[103],"terms":[104],"within":[105],"year":[107],"2017":[108],"using":[109,196],"Convolutional":[110],"Neural":[111],"Networks":[112],"(CNNs),":[113],"also":[116],"tested":[117],"other":[118],"widely":[119],"machine":[121],"learning":[122],"algorithms":[123],"comparison,":[125],"such":[126],"as":[127,168],"Random":[128],"Forests":[129],"(RFs)":[130],"Support":[132],"Vector":[133],"Machines":[134],"(SVMs).":[135],"Based":[136],"ground":[138],"truth":[139],"randomly":[142],"selected":[143],"training":[144],"validation":[146],"polygons":[147],"then":[149],"evaluation":[152],"iteratively":[153],"(100":[154],"times).":[155],"best":[157,194],"resulting":[158],"median":[159],"F1":[160],"accuracies":[161],"that":[162,182],"obtained":[164,192],"were":[167],"follows:":[169],"6210,":[170],"0.85;":[171],"6410,":[172],"0.80;":[173],"6510,":[175],"0.84":[176],"(with":[177],"SVM).":[178],"Finally,":[179],"concluded":[181],"accuracy":[184],"results":[187,195],"was":[188],"comparable,":[189],"SVM":[197],"(median":[198],"OA":[199],"=":[200],"88%,":[201],"with":[202],"86%":[203],"RF":[205],"84%":[207],"CNNs).":[209],"work,":[212],"confirmed":[214],"usefulness":[216],"spectral":[219],"dimension":[220],"time":[223],"series":[224],"habitats,":[229],"researchers":[231],"future":[233],"work":[234],"can":[235],"further":[236],"develop":[237],"CNNs":[241],"purpose.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}