{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322502960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277","title":"A Novel Deep Stack-Based Ensemble Learning Approach for Fault Detection and Classification in Photovoltaic Arrays","display_name":"A Novel Deep Stack-Based Ensemble Learning Approach for Fault Detection and Classification in Photovoltaic Arrays","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322502960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1277/pdf?version=1677640691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1277/pdf?version=1677640691","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071576905","display_name":"Ehtisham Lodhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7967-1004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehtisham Lodhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113600509","display_name":"Fei\u2010Yue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9185-3989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei-Yue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088979194","display_name":"Gang Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-5559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Beijing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Systems and Technology, Institute of Automation, Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100648485","display_name":"Lingjian Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3844-5625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lingjian Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089179665","display_name":"Tariku Sinshaw Tamir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3700-928X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094879","display_name":"Shandong Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdtba35","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariku Sinshaw Tamir","raw_affiliation_strings":["The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The SKL for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094879","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044047956","display_name":"Waheed Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-7381"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waheed Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053340457","display_name":"M. Adil Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-1431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Adil Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Technology, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710062, China","Department of Computer and Technology, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710062, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Technology, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710062, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Technology, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710062, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100648485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8220915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1277","last_page":"1277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7425010204315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6880794763565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5490893125534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5475557446479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5266975164413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.5115405321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4816100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46198731660842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4612862169742584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41375863552093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.350130558013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.29500874876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12267634272575378}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7425010204315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6880794763565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5490893125534058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5475557446479797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5266975164413452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5115405321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4816100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46198731660842896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4612862169742584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41375863552093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.350130558013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33154296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29500874876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12267634272575378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1277/pdf?version=1677640691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e4c31827ebfa410882772d670a8457c4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e4c31827ebfa410882772d670a8457c4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1277 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1277/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051277","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051277","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1277/pdf?version=1677640691","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G207547576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U19B2029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6230475793","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1909204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322502960.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515333057","https://openalex.org/W1989661716","https://openalex.org/W2098207263","https://openalex.org/W2106642194","https://openalex.org/W2344462560","https://openalex.org/W2466439715","https://openalex.org/W2605438564","https://openalex.org/W2614092582","https://openalex.org/W2615933803","https://openalex.org/W2621304570","https://openalex.org/W2760233602","https://openalex.org/W2766751912","https://openalex.org/W2769913181","https://openalex.org/W2772601414","https://openalex.org/W2786136485","https://openalex.org/W2795624821","https://openalex.org/W2884792776","https://openalex.org/W2888945543","https://openalex.org/W2891351216","https://openalex.org/W2894480095","https://openalex.org/W2896503610","https://openalex.org/W2901042234","https://openalex.org/W2903469562","https://openalex.org/W2911892655","https://openalex.org/W2933648389","https://openalex.org/W2941069482","https://openalex.org/W2944355673","https://openalex.org/W2961566974","https://openalex.org/W3008241461","https://openalex.org/W3013463536","https://openalex.org/W3016921356","https://openalex.org/W3034759372","https://openalex.org/W3048973347","https://openalex.org/W3110147505","https://openalex.org/W3110375164","https://openalex.org/W3150431878","https://openalex.org/W3201984191","https://openalex.org/W4205538574","https://openalex.org/W4206967260","https://openalex.org/W4220921311","https://openalex.org/W4225080122","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4280582187","https://openalex.org/W4312695219"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386968573","https://openalex.org/W2395064349","https://openalex.org/W2034374297","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2766130412","https://openalex.org/W2382628689","https://openalex.org/W2351171996","https://openalex.org/W3124943098","https://openalex.org/W4308112567","https://openalex.org/W3162132941"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,73,137,152,175,200],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,26,41,52,116,133],"green":[4,15],"energy":[5],"resources":[6],"worldwide,":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9,92,109],"photovoltaic":[10],"(PV)":[11],"systems":[12],"to":[13,35,112,161],"generate":[14],"and":[16,22,39,87,131,143,149,159,165,194,226,234],"renewable":[17],"power,":[18],"has":[19],"prompted":[20],"safety":[21],"reliability":[23,38],"concerns.":[24],"One":[25],"these":[27],"concerns":[28],"is":[29,33,156],"fault":[30,189],"diagnostics,":[31],"which":[32],"needed":[34],"manage":[36],"the":[37,114,134,179,204,221],"output":[40],"PV":[42,45,70,97,102,214,228],"systems.":[43],"Severe":[44],"faults":[46,49,215,230],"make":[47],"detecting":[48,213],"challenging":[50],"because":[51],"drastic":[53],"weather":[54],"circumstances.":[55],"This":[56,119],"research":[57],"article":[58],"presents":[59],"a":[60,110,172,208],"novel":[61],"deep":[62,81],"stack-based":[63],"ensemble":[64],"learning":[65],"(DSEL)":[66],"approach":[67,75,155,181],"for":[68,95,147,188,212],"diagnosing":[69,96],"array":[71,229],"faults.":[72,98],"DSEL":[74,138,154,205,223],"compromises":[76],"three":[77],"deep-learning":[78],"models,":[79],"namely,":[80],"neural":[82],"network,":[83],"long":[84,89],"short-term":[85,90],"memory,":[86,91],"Bi-directional":[88],"base":[93,117],"learners":[94],"To":[99],"better":[100],"analyze":[101],"arrays,":[103],"we":[104],"use":[105],"multinomial":[106],"logistic":[107],"regression":[108],"meta-learner":[111],"combine":[113],"predictions":[115],"learners.":[118],"study":[120,201],"considers":[121],"open":[122],"circuits,":[123,125],"short":[124],"partial":[126],"shading,":[127],"bridge,":[128],"degradation":[129],"faults,":[130],"incorporation":[132],"MPPT":[135],"algorithm.":[136],"algorithm":[139,206,224],"offers":[140],"reliable,":[141],"precise,":[142],"accurate":[144],"PV-fault":[145,167],"diagnostics":[146],"noiseless":[148,192],"noisy":[150,198],"data.":[151,199],"proposed":[153,180,222],"quantitatively":[157],"examined":[158],"compared":[160],"eight":[162],"prior":[163],"machine-learning":[164],"deep-learning-based":[166],"classification":[168],"methodologies":[169],"by":[170],"using":[171],"simulated":[173],"dataset.":[174],"findings":[176],"show":[177],"that":[178,203],"outperforms":[182],"other":[183],"techniques,":[184],"achieving":[185],"98.62%":[186],"accuracy":[187,196],"detection":[190],"with":[191,197],"data":[193],"94.87%":[195],"revealed":[202],"retains":[207],"strong":[209],"generalization":[210],"potential":[211],"while":[216],"enhancing":[217],"prediction":[218],"accuracy.":[219],"Hence,":[220],"detects":[225],"categorizes":[227],"more":[231],"efficiently,":[232],"reliably,":[233],"accurately.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
