{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4322503117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254","title":"Interpretation of Latent Codes in InfoGAN with SAR Images","display_name":"Interpretation of Latent Codes in InfoGAN with SAR Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4322503117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1254/pdf?version=1677246254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1254/pdf?version=1677246254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016333596","display_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-4794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenpeng Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0383-4794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020758859","display_name":"Milo\u0161 Dakovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-3632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milo\u0161 Dakovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-3632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113123085","display_name":"Hongbing Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbing Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033666079","display_name":"Xianda Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4091-5312"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianda Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Intelligence Control, Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute, Beijing 100854, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Intelligence Control, Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute, Beijing 100854, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086558368","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-3344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-3344","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030707065","display_name":"Xiyang Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074877434","display_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5936373","display_name":"University of Montenegro","ror":"https://ror.org/02drrjp49","country_code":"ME","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}],"countries":["ME"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ljubi\u0161a Stankovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-9036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electricty Engineering, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5936373"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033666079"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":7.8082,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96458007,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1254","last_page":"1254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7773972749710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.6528012752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5113658308982849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4989140033721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4835200309753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.40328019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35653263330459595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7773972749710083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6528012752532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5113658308982849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4989140033721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4835200309753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40328019857406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35653263330459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1254/pdf?version=1677246254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7dadd6ba920f4348b7a097ad48273a54","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7dadd6ba920f4348b7a097ad48273a54","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1254 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1254/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051254","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1254/pdf?version=1677246254","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2030683882","display_name":"\u591a\u6269\u5c55\u76ee\u6807\u8ddf\u8e2a\u53ca\u4f18\u5316\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2166493955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4322503117.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497910407","https://openalex.org/W1974910964","https://openalex.org/W1986847015","https://openalex.org/W1992530859","https://openalex.org/W2008412507","https://openalex.org/W2079299474","https://openalex.org/W2096003637","https://openalex.org/W2111525901","https://openalex.org/W2131952160","https://openalex.org/W2145750625","https://openalex.org/W2191998694","https://openalex.org/W2434741482","https://openalex.org/W2607666785","https://openalex.org/W2772879006","https://openalex.org/W2890218414","https://openalex.org/W2921353139","https://openalex.org/W3004966133","https://openalex.org/W3027778336","https://openalex.org/W3036167779","https://openalex.org/W3080551539","https://openalex.org/W3093764775","https://openalex.org/W3104310289","https://openalex.org/W3113920925","https://openalex.org/W3115223653","https://openalex.org/W3127419657","https://openalex.org/W3129296496","https://openalex.org/W3145211975","https://openalex.org/W3154062564","https://openalex.org/W3159164673","https://openalex.org/W3176736977","https://openalex.org/W3207306075","https://openalex.org/W3208991263","https://openalex.org/W3212516020","https://openalex.org/W4206149004","https://openalex.org/W4206335875","https://openalex.org/W4220734517","https://openalex.org/W4226083022","https://openalex.org/W4226096765","https://openalex.org/W4285286021","https://openalex.org/W4312933868","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6779823529","https://openalex.org/W6793072434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2380075625","https://openalex.org/W4390718435","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W4390549206","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W3137171911","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"adversarial":[1],"networks":[2],"(GANs)":[3],"can":[4,147,159,186],"synthesize":[5],"abundant":[6],"photo-realistic":[7],"synthetic":[8],"aperture":[9],"radar":[10],"(SAR)":[11],"images.":[12],"Some":[13],"modified":[14],"GANs":[15],"(e.g.,":[16],"InfoGAN)":[17],"are":[18,88,100,123],"even":[19],"able":[20,124],"to":[21,51,103,125],"edit":[22],"specific":[23,80],"properties":[24,49,81,106,177,182],"of":[25,58,70,107,183],"the":[26,41,52,56,59,105,127,144,151,155,163,167,173,181],"synthesized":[27,76],"images":[28,46,109,185],"by":[29,150,190],"introducing":[30,115],"latent":[31,73,98,120,131,157,179,191],"codes.":[32],"It":[33],"is":[34],"crucial":[35],"for":[36,119],"SAR":[37,45,108,184],"image":[38],"synthesis":[39],"since":[40],"targets":[42],"in":[43,61,110],"real":[44],"have":[47],"different":[48,134],"due":[50],"imaging":[53],"mechanism.":[54],"Despite":[55],"success":[57],"InfoGAN":[60],"manipulating":[62],"properties,":[63],"there":[64],"still":[65],"lacks":[66],"a":[67,111],"clear":[68],"explanation":[69],"how":[71],"these":[72],"codes":[74,99,132,158,192],"affect":[75,104],"properties;":[77],"thus,":[78],"editing":[79],"usually":[82],"relies":[83],"on":[84],"empirical":[85],"trials,":[86],"which":[87,170],"unreliable":[89],"and":[90,133,138,178],"time-consuming.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"paper,":[94],"we":[95,122],"show":[96],"that":[97,143],"almost":[101],"disentangled":[102],"nonlinear":[112],"manner.":[113],"By":[114],"some":[116],"property":[117,145,152],"estimators":[118],"codes,":[121,180],"decompose":[126],"complex":[128],"causality":[129],"between":[130,176],"properties.":[135,165],"Both":[136],"qualitative":[137],"quantitative":[139],"experimental":[140],"results":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"value":[146],"be":[148,160,187],"computed":[149,161],"estimators;":[153],"inversely,":[154],"required":[156],"given":[162],"desired":[164],"Unlike":[166],"original":[168],"InfoGAN,":[169],"only":[171],"provides":[172],"visual":[174],"trend":[175],"manipulated":[188],"numerically":[189],"as":[193],"users":[194],"expect.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
