{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321789509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235","title":"Mapping the Distribution and Dynamics of Coniferous Forests in Large Areas from 1985 to 2020 Combining Deep Learning and Google Earth Engine","display_name":"Mapping the Distribution and Dynamics of Coniferous Forests in Large Areas from 1985 to 2020 Combining Deep Learning and Google Earth Engine","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321789509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1235/pdf?version=1677154899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1235/pdf?version=1677154899","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746337","display_name":"Lizhi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-512X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120379545","display_name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/015d0jq83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135466","display_name":"Heilongjiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03r2nz980","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155679","display_name":"Experimental Center of Forestry in North China","ror":"https://ror.org/051gfkj61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523","https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Art and Architectural Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Technology, Jixi 158100, China","College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Art and Architectural Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Technology, Jixi 158100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090727368","display_name":"Qiuliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5776-5440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120379545","display_name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/015d0jq83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155679","display_name":"Experimental Center of Forestry in North China","ror":"https://ror.org/051gfkj61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523","https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiuliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054491779","display_name":"Ying Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-0002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128615","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/0360dkv71","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056366615","display_name":"Erxue Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8172-274X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128615","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/0360dkv71","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erxue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088404682","display_name":"Zengyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128615","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Forestry","ror":"https://ror.org/0360dkv71","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Forestry Remote Sensing and Information System, NFGA, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100711791","display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3955-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004224339","display_name":"Bing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0015-5611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120379545","display_name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/015d0jq83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155679","display_name":"Experimental Center of Forestry in North China","ror":"https://ror.org/051gfkj61","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128615","https://openalex.org/I4210134523","https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Greater Khingan Forest Ecosystem, Genhe 022350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062206039","display_name":"Ana Ri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120379545","display_name":"Inner Mongolia Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/015d0jq83","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Ri","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120379545"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090727368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120379545","https://openalex.org/I4210155679"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.9649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84819759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1235","last_page":"1235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5938204526901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5772654414176941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5458765625953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.5014023780822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5003089904785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.36791276931762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33828437328338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.283562034368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.27460265159606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1763063669204712}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5938204526901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5772654414176941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5458765625953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.5014023780822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5003089904785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.36791276931762695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33828437328338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.283562034368515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.27460265159606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1763063669204712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1235/pdf?version=1677154899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:406e722a00d845eb8c50f268d316bdb6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/406e722a00d845eb8c50f268d316bdb6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1235 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1235/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051235","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051235","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1235/pdf?version=1677154899","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1182454337","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21-Y20B01-9001-19/22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2717793061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32260389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321789509.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970840899","https://openalex.org/W1979793764","https://openalex.org/W1982772548","https://openalex.org/W2001510610","https://openalex.org/W2004553299","https://openalex.org/W2006929658","https://openalex.org/W2017772366","https://openalex.org/W2025662613","https://openalex.org/W2079622734","https://openalex.org/W2188083314","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2491590468","https://openalex.org/W2584552141","https://openalex.org/W2604870469","https://openalex.org/W2617056706","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2807573627","https://openalex.org/W2921701549","https://openalex.org/W2939612271","https://openalex.org/W2943472941","https://openalex.org/W2945143192","https://openalex.org/W2955325661","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2967974380","https://openalex.org/W3001888133","https://openalex.org/W3013471216","https://openalex.org/W3025800305","https://openalex.org/W3028823434","https://openalex.org/W3031794591","https://openalex.org/W3036016333","https://openalex.org/W3047161383","https://openalex.org/W3082559593","https://openalex.org/W3085762746","https://openalex.org/W3090330565","https://openalex.org/W3090679658","https://openalex.org/W3093252734","https://openalex.org/W3113489033","https://openalex.org/W3120972128","https://openalex.org/W3130341745","https://openalex.org/W3134805916","https://openalex.org/W3136021864","https://openalex.org/W3159749449","https://openalex.org/W3160794071","https://openalex.org/W3162372370","https://openalex.org/W3185126113","https://openalex.org/W3185274995","https://openalex.org/W3192504607","https://openalex.org/W3196080376","https://openalex.org/W3196846273","https://openalex.org/W3197550180","https://openalex.org/W3198644317","https://openalex.org/W3198865065","https://openalex.org/W3200386921","https://openalex.org/W3204085117","https://openalex.org/W4200098166","https://openalex.org/W4205571820","https://openalex.org/W4206046085","https://openalex.org/W4212820475","https://openalex.org/W4220840445","https://openalex.org/W4224308773","https://openalex.org/W4239219066","https://openalex.org/W4281726412","https://openalex.org/W4290852269","https://openalex.org/W4292451802","https://openalex.org/W4293065220","https://openalex.org/W4293238657","https://openalex.org/W4293253007","https://openalex.org/W4296929608","https://openalex.org/W4304789375","https://openalex.org/W4317733467","https://openalex.org/W6765437939","https://openalex.org/W6798735713","https://openalex.org/W6800808037","https://openalex.org/W6806932316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399895933","https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W4229699405","https://openalex.org/W1666484574","https://openalex.org/W2216382288","https://openalex.org/W2355491300","https://openalex.org/W4234629551","https://openalex.org/W2011110943","https://openalex.org/W2028856635","https://openalex.org/W4251615416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mapping":[0],"the":[1,11,31,66,89,95,105,111,120,123,126,165,169,187,228,234,239,252,268,299,330],"distribution":[2,90,269],"of":[3,7,14,21,33,97,107,113,122,150,219,270,281,288,305,324],"coniferous":[4,60,98,141,205,253,271,283,289,306,339],"forests":[5,15,61,99,254,272,290,307,340],"is":[6],"great":[8],"importance":[9],"to":[10,58,87,118,250,279,315],"sustainable":[12,354],"management":[13],"and":[16,26,37,65,91,115,138,159,180,198,217,224,335,342,349],"government":[17],"decision-making.":[18],"The":[19,182,286,303],"development":[20],"remote":[22,84,151],"sensing,":[23],"cloud":[24],"computing":[25,35],"deep":[27,49],"learning":[28,50],"has":[29,308],"provided":[30],"support":[32],"data,":[34],"power":[36],"algorithms":[38,51],"for":[39,356],"obtaining":[40],"large-scale":[41],"forest":[42,142,206,357],"parameters.":[43],"However,":[44],"few":[45],"studies":[46],"have":[47],"used":[48],"combined":[52],"with":[53,131,172,208,258,263,320],"Google":[54],"Earth":[55],"Engine":[56],"(GEE)":[57],"extract":[59,338],"in":[62,104,140,192,204,255,291,298,313,318,352],"large":[63],"areas":[64],"performance":[67,203],"remains":[68],"unknown.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71,193],"study,":[72],"we":[73,145,163],"thus":[74],"propose":[75],"a":[76,201,244,321],"cloud-enabled":[77,188],"deep-learning":[78,189],"approach":[79,171,190,332],"using":[80],"long-time":[81],"series":[82],"Landsat":[83],"sensing":[85,152],"images":[86,153],"map":[88],"obtain":[92,346],"information":[93,348],"on":[94],"dynamics":[96],"over":[100],"35":[101,301],"years":[102,257],"(1985\u20132020)":[103],"northwest":[106],"Liaoning,":[108],"China,":[109],"through":[110],"combination":[112],"GEE":[114,197,334],"U2-Net.":[116],"Firstly,":[117],"assess":[119],"reliability":[121],"proposed":[124,170,191,235,331],"method,":[125],"U2-Net":[127,199,275,336],"model":[128,236],"was":[129,276],"compared":[130,164],"three":[132,173,230,264],"Unet":[133,231],"variants":[134],"(i.e.,":[135],"Resnet50-Unet,":[136],"Mobile-Unet":[137],"U-Net)":[139],"extraction.":[143],"Secondly,":[144],"evaluated":[146],"U2-Net\u2019s":[147],"temporal":[148],"transferability":[149],"from":[154,243,310],"Landsat-5":[155],"TM,":[156],"Landsat-7":[157],"ETM+":[158],"Landsat-8":[160],"OLI.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"results":[166,183],"obtained":[167],"by":[168,238,274],"publicly":[174],"available":[175],"datasets,":[176],"namely":[177],"GlobeLand30-2010,":[178],"GLC_FCS30-2010":[179],"FROM_GLC30-2010.":[181],"show":[184],"that":[185,195,280,329],"(1)":[186],"paper":[194],"combines":[196],"achieves":[200],"high":[202],"extraction":[207],"an":[209,295],"F1":[210],"score,":[211],"overall":[212],"accuracy":[213],"(OA),":[214],"precision,":[215],"recall":[216],"kappa":[218],"95.4%,":[220],"94.2%,":[221],"96.6%,":[222],"95.5%":[223],"94.0%,":[225],"respectively,":[226],"outperforming":[227],"other":[229],"variants;":[232],"(2)":[233],"trained":[237],"sample":[240],"blocks":[241],"collected":[242],"specific":[245],"time":[246],"can":[247,337],"be":[248],"applied":[249],"predict":[251],"different":[256],"satisfactory":[259],"precision;":[260],"(3)":[261],"Compared":[262],"global":[265],"land-cover":[266],"products,":[267],"extracted":[273],"most":[277],"similar":[278],"actual":[282],"forests;":[284],"(4)":[285],"area":[287,304],"Northwestern":[292],"Liaoning":[293],"showed":[294],"upward":[296],"trend":[297],"past":[300],"years.":[302],"grown":[309],"945.64":[311],"km2":[312,317],"1985":[314],"6084.55":[316],"2020":[319],"growth":[322],"rate":[323],"543.43%.":[325],"This":[326],"study":[327],"indicates":[328],"combining":[333],"quickly":[341],"accurately,":[343],"which":[344],"helps":[345],"dynamic":[347],"assists":[350],"scientists":[351],"developing":[353],"strategies":[355],"management.":[358]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}