{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321600780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208","title":"Machine Learning for Detection of Macroalgal Blooms in the Mar Menor Coastal Lagoon Using Sentinel-2","display_name":"Machine Learning for Detection of Macroalgal Blooms in the Mar Menor Coastal Lagoon Using Sentinel-2","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321600780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1208/pdf?version=1677066013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1208/pdf?version=1677066013","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045303172","display_name":"Encarni Medina-L\u00f3pez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-4511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Encarni Medina-L\u00f3pez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FG, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038321972","display_name":"Gabriel Navarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-0060"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145912","display_name":"Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/04qayn356","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210145912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151560","display_name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect0289","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210151560"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151560","https://openalex.org/I4210145912"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085002517","display_name":"Juan Santos-Echeand\u00eda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9101-7307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091775","display_name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/00f3x4340","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091775"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Santos-Echeand\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vigo Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vigo Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028579956","display_name":"Patricia Bern\u00e1rdez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-5577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091775","display_name":"Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/00f3x4340","country_code":"ES","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091775"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Bern\u00e1rdez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vigo Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vigo Oceanographic Centre, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO-CSIC), 36390 Vigo, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091775"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091627731","display_name":"Isabel Caballero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7485-0989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145912","display_name":"Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/04qayn356","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210145912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151560","display_name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect0289","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210151560"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isabel Caballero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), 11519 Puerto Real, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151560","https://openalex.org/I4210145912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091627731"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145912","https://openalex.org/I4210151560"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4156,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87046488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1208","last_page":"1208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10230","display_name":"Marine and fisheries research","score":0.963100016117096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12316","display_name":"Oil Spill Detection and Mitigation","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algal-bloom","display_name":"Algal bloom","score":0.7431654930114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eutrophication","display_name":"Eutrophication","score":0.7241593599319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6976133584976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bloom","display_name":"Bloom","score":0.5989909172058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.46312153339385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.45279064774513245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality","display_name":"Water quality","score":0.4344397485256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytoplankton","display_name":"Phytoplankton","score":0.2116813361644745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.20652297139167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrient","display_name":"Nutrient","score":0.16934525966644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1291511058807373}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120305227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326139","display_name":"Algal bloom","level":4,"score":0.7431654930114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186699998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156698","display_name":"Eutrophication","level":3,"score":0.7241593599319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6976133584976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155567681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2987425","display_name":"Bloom","level":2,"score":0.5989909172058105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.46312153339385986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.45279064774513245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.4344397485256195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184755","display_name":"Phytoplankton","level":3,"score":0.2116813361644745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.20652297139167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.16934525966644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1291511058807373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1208/pdf?version=1677066013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/337468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/337468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ba10eb903fb747acb19c593ce7d04360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ba10eb903fb747acb19c593ce7d04360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1208 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1208/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051208","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051208","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1208/pdf?version=1677066013","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5120995969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-109355RA-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6274552473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PY20-00244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7389894583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RTI2018-098784-J-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7519527108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IJC2019-039382-I","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8716935391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","funder_display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326754","display_name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/01jem9c82"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321600780.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1114692447","https://openalex.org/W1976193075","https://openalex.org/W1978029468","https://openalex.org/W1988301066","https://openalex.org/W2085965017","https://openalex.org/W2109826612","https://openalex.org/W2142827986","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2953928051","https://openalex.org/W2962260672","https://openalex.org/W2990158732","https://openalex.org/W3004728149","https://openalex.org/W3005551863","https://openalex.org/W3005737956","https://openalex.org/W3030226715","https://openalex.org/W3031830240","https://openalex.org/W3092563633","https://openalex.org/W3129952890","https://openalex.org/W4242401062","https://openalex.org/W4280496735","https://openalex.org/W4282558612","https://openalex.org/W4304845376","https://openalex.org/W6790587931","https://openalex.org/W6811781093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389817296","https://openalex.org/W2373032380","https://openalex.org/W3213657403","https://openalex.org/W3205523456","https://openalex.org/W2375234534","https://openalex.org/W2078934331","https://openalex.org/W2774775100","https://openalex.org/W2792760515","https://openalex.org/W4386400707","https://openalex.org/W2009359957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,134,184],"Mar":[1,95],"Menor":[2],"coastal":[3],"lagoon":[4,26,45],"in":[5,12,43,63,73,83,90,114,131,181],"southeastern":[6],"Spain":[7],"has":[8],"experienced":[9],"a":[10,119],"decline":[11],"water":[13,178],"quality":[14,179],"due":[15],"to":[16,21,59,65,122,142,153,169,176],"increased":[17],"nutrient":[18],"input,":[19],"leading":[20],"the":[22,25,28,38,44,47,69,77,87,94,101,124,138,143,182],"eutrophication":[23],"of":[24,30,49,53,68,71,86,93,126,128,145,186],"and":[27,32,108,117,173,191,196],"occurrence":[29,127],"microalgal":[31],"macroalgal":[33,39,102,159],"blooms.":[34,160],"This":[35,79,161],"study":[36],"analyzes":[37],"bloom":[40,103],"that":[41],"occurred":[42],"during":[46],"spring-summer":[48],"2022.":[50],"A":[51],"set":[52],"machine":[54],"learning":[55],"techniques":[56],"are":[57],"applied":[58],"Sentinel-2":[60],"satellite":[61,187],"imagery":[62],"order":[64],"obtain":[66],"indicators":[67],"presence":[70],"macroalgae":[72],"specific":[74],"locations":[75,104],"within":[76],"lagoon.":[78,183],"is":[80,199],"supported":[81],"by":[82,166],"situ":[84],"observations":[85,188],"blooming":[88],"process":[89],"different":[91],"areas":[92],"Menor.":[96],"Our":[97],"methodology":[98],"successfully":[99],"identifies":[100,137],"(accuracies":[105],"above":[106,112],"98%,":[107],"Matthew\u2019s":[109],"Correlation":[110],"Coefficients":[111],"78%":[113],"all":[115],"cases),":[116],"provides":[118],"probabilistic":[120],"approach":[121],"understand":[123],"likelihood":[125],"this":[129],"event":[130],"given":[132],"pixels.":[133],"analysis":[135],"also":[136,200],"key":[139],"parameters":[140],"contributing":[141],"classification":[144],"pixels":[146],"as":[147],"algae,":[148],"which":[149],"could":[150],"be":[151,164],"used":[152,165],"develop":[154],"future":[155],"algorithms":[156],"for":[157,189],"detecting":[158],"information":[162],"can":[163],"environmental":[167],"managers":[168],"implement":[170],"early":[171],"warning":[172],"mitigation":[174],"strategies":[175],"prevent":[177],"deterioration":[180],"usefulness":[185],"ecological":[190],"crisis":[192],"management":[193],"at":[194],"local":[195],"regional":[197],"scales":[198],"highlighted.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}