{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321600311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206","title":"SS-TMNet: Spatial\u2013Spectral Transformer Network with Multi-Scale Convolution for Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"SS-TMNet: Spatial\u2013Spectral Transformer Network with Multi-Scale Convolution for Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321600311","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1206/pdf?version=1677062857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1206/pdf?version=1677062857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052480553","display_name":"Xiaohui Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-4484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620675","display_name":"Yunfei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3606-7620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019505603","display_name":"Xiaofei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2458-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau 519000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau 519000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082935954","display_name":"Xianhong Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13985625","display_name":"East China Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2f1m38","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianhong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13985625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100360160","display_name":"Ke Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4508-1302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125904092","display_name":"Shenyang Aerospace University","ror":"https://ror.org/02423gm04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125904092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019505603"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.8204,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91514116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1206","last_page":"1206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.7837879657745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6642279028892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6464654207229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.595243513584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5697492957115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5133563876152039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4671684503555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4429685175418854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.43812233209609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.42260727286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.33546310663223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.31937259435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14502331614494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1448768675327301}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.7837879657745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6642279028892517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6464654207229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.595243513584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5697492957115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5133563876152039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4671684503555298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4429685175418854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.43812233209609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.42260727286338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33546310663223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31937259435653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14502331614494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1448768675327301}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1206/pdf?version=1677062857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1e601a081cd2490e941aea1a85021057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1e601a081cd2490e941aea1a85021057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1206 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1206/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051206","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1206/pdf?version=1677062857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4219345459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62062033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5249178904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No. 6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321600311.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1995295300","https://openalex.org/W1998030734","https://openalex.org/W2004104348","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2083541351","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2113464037","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2154240401","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2742141965","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2793941577","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W2996060033","https://openalex.org/W2996583569","https://openalex.org/W3099102165","https://openalex.org/W3122028341","https://openalex.org/W3128776197","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3151130473","https://openalex.org/W3163465952","https://openalex.org/W3211243520","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4214588794","https://openalex.org/W4214636423","https://openalex.org/W4220805125","https://openalex.org/W4224882649","https://openalex.org/W4226297238","https://openalex.org/W4226363321","https://openalex.org/W4226419069","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4281633835","https://openalex.org/W4283813834","https://openalex.org/W4285124290","https://openalex.org/W4291652931","https://openalex.org/W4293731866","https://openalex.org/W4301878994","https://openalex.org/W4312678416","https://openalex.org/W4312743284","https://openalex.org/W4312937836","https://openalex.org/W4313361516","https://openalex.org/W4313627848","https://openalex.org/W4319299854","https://openalex.org/W6677065643","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6772092368","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6797691975","https://openalex.org/W6803327026","https://openalex.org/W6840360099","https://openalex.org/W6842013573","https://openalex.org/W6842590485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2964954556","https://openalex.org/W3019910406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"image":[1,11],"(HSI)":[2],"classification":[3,34,64],"is":[4,57,170],"a":[5,69],"significant":[6],"foundation":[7],"for":[8],"remote":[9],"sensing":[10],"analysis,":[12],"widely":[13,38,153],"used":[14,154],"in":[15,32,40],"biology,":[16],"aerospace,":[17],"and":[18,25,35,47,83,99,132,143,160],"other":[19],"applications.":[20],"Convolution":[21],"neural":[22],"networks":[23],"(CNNs)":[24],"attention":[26,48,101,121],"mechanisms":[27],"have":[28,36],"shown":[29],"outstanding":[30],"ability":[31],"HSI":[33,63,155],"been":[37],"studied":[39],"recent":[41],"years.":[42],"However,":[43],"the":[44,115,138,167,173],"existing":[45,174],"CNN-based":[46],"mechanism-based":[49],"methods":[50],"cannot":[51],"fully":[52],"use":[53],"spatial\u2013spectral":[54,71,85,100,117,120],"information,":[55],"which":[56,78,135],"not":[58],"conducive":[59],"to":[60,113,172],"further":[61],"improving":[62],"accuracy.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"new":[70],"Transformer":[72],"network":[73],"with":[74,110],"multi-scale":[75,93,107],"convolution":[76,95],"(SS-TMNet),":[77],"can":[79,136],"effectively":[80],"extract":[81,114,137],"local":[82],"global":[84],"information.":[86],"SS-TMNet":[87,148,169],"includes":[88,123],"two":[89],"key":[90],"modules,":[91],"i.e.,":[92],"3D":[94,108],"projection":[96],"module":[97,102,122],"(MSCP)":[98],"(SSAM).":[103],"The":[104,119,146,162],"MSCP":[105],"uses":[106],"convolutions":[109],"different":[111],"depths":[112],"fused":[116],"features.":[118,145],"three":[124,152],"branches:":[125],"height":[126],"spatial":[127,130,142],"attention,":[128,131,134],"width":[129],"spectral":[133,144],"fusion":[139],"information":[140],"of":[141],"proposed":[147,168],"was":[149],"tested":[150],"on":[151],"datasets:":[156],"Pavia":[157],"University,":[158],"IndianPines,":[159],"Houston2013.":[161],"experimental":[163],"results":[164],"show":[165],"that":[166],"superior":[171],"methods.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}