{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321496293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203","title":"Delineation of Wetland Areas in South Norway from Sentinel-2 Imagery and LiDAR Using TensorFlow, U-Net, and Google Earth Engine","display_name":"Delineation of Wetland Areas in South Norway from Sentinel-2 Imagery and LiDAR Using TensorFlow, U-Net, and Google Earth Engine","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321496293","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1203/pdf?version=1677284763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1203/pdf?version=1677284763","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070241337","display_name":"Vegar Bakkestuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2573-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153706","display_name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04aha0598","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vegar Bakkestuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072986887","display_name":"Zander S. Venter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-7162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153706","display_name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04aha0598","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zander Venter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2638-7162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059764775","display_name":"Alexandra Jarna Ganer\u00f8d","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-5718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1296551785","display_name":"Geological Survey of Norway","ror":"https://ror.org/036dwbr90","country_code":"NO","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1296551785"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandra Jarna Ganer\u00f8d","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway","Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), 7040 Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0116-5718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7049 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), 7040 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1296551785"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001619344","display_name":"Erik Framstad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153706","display_name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04aha0598","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Framstad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien, 0855 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070241337"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153706"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":1.5484,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80553365,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1203","last_page":"1203"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wetland","display_name":"Wetland","score":0.8848644495010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.7011434435844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6433308124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.5699877738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.5127730965614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4560657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.44555923342704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.4392756223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem-services","display_name":"Ecosystem services","score":0.4296289384365082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.428066223859787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2026551365852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20241165161132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1870160698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.13229379057884216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.8848644495010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7011434435844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6433308124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5699877738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5127730965614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4560657739639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.44555923342704773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.4392756223678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.4296289384365082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.428066223859787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2026551365852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20241165161132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1870160698890686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.13229379057884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1203/pdf?version=1677284763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60c7c4f859ae4009b99e63d1fc9551cc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60c7c4f859ae4009b99e63d1fc9551cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1203 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/5/1203/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3059392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3059392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"15","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15051203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051203","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/5/1203/pdf?version=1677284763","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321496293.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965696795","https://openalex.org/W2000613913","https://openalex.org/W2011475440","https://openalex.org/W2063623478","https://openalex.org/W2075818603","https://openalex.org/W2076434790","https://openalex.org/W2113410727","https://openalex.org/W2118247391","https://openalex.org/W2121102297","https://openalex.org/W2631616735","https://openalex.org/W2648242067","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2751694392","https://openalex.org/W2755776349","https://openalex.org/W2776305546","https://openalex.org/W2786346697","https://openalex.org/W2792520899","https://openalex.org/W2803713252","https://openalex.org/W2890423234","https://openalex.org/W2903243572","https://openalex.org/W2903689264","https://openalex.org/W2907459272","https://openalex.org/W2936749479","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2986943971","https://openalex.org/W2997806675","https://openalex.org/W2998342770","https://openalex.org/W3005734743","https://openalex.org/W3008439211","https://openalex.org/W3012636042","https://openalex.org/W3021600026","https://openalex.org/W3035430527","https://openalex.org/W3038617972","https://openalex.org/W3047408492","https://openalex.org/W3048644195","https://openalex.org/W3052261073","https://openalex.org/W3087122056","https://openalex.org/W3091833522","https://openalex.org/W3104341624","https://openalex.org/W3124539583","https://openalex.org/W3156957821","https://openalex.org/W3175987719","https://openalex.org/W3198940810","https://openalex.org/W4210751056","https://openalex.org/W4234971943","https://openalex.org/W4281619551"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692","https://openalex.org/W4210818033","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wetlands":[0],"are":[1,24],"important":[2],"habitats":[3],"for":[4,34,167],"biodiversity":[5],"and":[6,14,26,28,37,53,67,107,140,149],"provide":[7],"ecosystem":[8,38,169],"services":[9],"such":[10],"as":[11],"climate":[12],"mitigation":[13],"carbon":[15],"storage.":[16],"The":[17],"current":[18],"wetland":[19,71,118,165,174],"mapping":[20,36,49,184],"techniques":[21],"in":[22,97,123,173],"Norway":[23],"tedious":[25],"costly,":[27],"remote":[29],"sensing":[30],"provides":[31],"an":[32,83,89,136],"opportunity":[33],"large-scale":[35],"accounting.":[39],"We":[40,134,159],"aimed":[41],"to":[42,48],"implement":[43],"a":[44,70,74,116],"deep":[45],"learning":[46],"approach":[47],"wetlands":[50,153],"with":[51,73,182],"Sentinel-2":[52],"LiDAR":[54],"data":[55],"over":[56,176],"southern":[57,124],"Norway.":[58],"Our":[59],"U-Net":[60],"model,":[61],"implemented":[62],"through":[63],"Google":[64],"Earth":[65],"Engine":[66],"TensorFlow,":[68],"produced":[69],"map":[72],"balanced":[75],"accuracy":[76,101],"rate":[77],"of":[78,103,121,151,163,171],"90.9%":[79],"when":[80],"validated":[81],"against":[82],"independent":[84],"ground-truth":[85],"sample.":[86],"This":[87],"represents":[88],"improvement":[90],"upon":[91],"manually":[92],"digitized":[93],"land":[94],"cover":[95],"maps":[96,166],"Norway,":[98,125],"which":[99,126,143],"achieved":[100],"rates":[102],"46.8%":[104],"(1:50,000":[105],"map)":[106],"42.4%":[108],"(1:5000":[109],"map).":[110],"Using":[111],"our":[112],"map,":[113],"we":[114],"estimated":[115],"total":[117],"coverage":[119,150],"area":[120],"12.7%":[122],"is":[127,179],"double":[128],"the":[129,147,156,161,168],"previous":[130],"benchmark":[131],"estimates":[132],"(5.6%).":[133],"followed":[135],"iterative":[137],"model":[138,157],"training":[139],"evaluation":[141],"approach,":[142],"revealed":[144],"that":[145,178],"increasing":[146],"quantity":[148],"labeled":[152],"greatly":[154],"increases":[155],"performance.":[158],"highlight":[160],"potential":[162],"satellite-based":[164],"accounting":[170],"changes":[172],"extents":[175],"time\u2014something":[177],"not":[180],"feasible":[181],"traditional":[183],"methods.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
