{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321373285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153","title":"Highly Accurate Radar Cross-Section and Transfer Function Measurement of a Digital Calibration Transponder without Known Reference\u2014Part I: Measurement and Results","display_name":"Highly Accurate Radar Cross-Section and Transfer Function Measurement of a Digital Calibration Transponder without Known Reference\u2014Part I: Measurement and Results","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321373285","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1153/pdf?version=1676884921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1153/pdf?version=1676884921","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006524726","display_name":"Jens Reimann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0650-9073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jens Reimann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070002490","display_name":"Anna Maria B\u00fcchner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3827-7932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Maria B\u00fcchner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076334938","display_name":"Sebastian Raab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-5551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Raab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044716785","display_name":"K. Weidenhaupt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus Weidenhaupt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020663307","display_name":"Matthias Jirousek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2106-9245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Jirousek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014711926","display_name":"Marco Schwerdt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0045-3726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Schwerdt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut f\u00fcr Hochfrequenztechnik und Radarsysteme, 82234 Wessling, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006524726"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2033,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2192},"fwci":0.627,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62743929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1153","last_page":"1153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transponder","display_name":"Transponder (aeronautics)","score":0.8856892585754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6702495813369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576651334762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5472195148468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.533638596534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-cross-section","display_name":"Radar cross-section","score":0.4919717013835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47721511125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-surveillance-radar","display_name":"Secondary surveillance radar","score":0.43289998173713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2534860074520111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15735569596290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15290623903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.09689697623252869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117920542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332920","display_name":"Transponder (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.8856892585754395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6702495813369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576651334762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5472195148468018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.533638596534729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101457746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560430","display_name":"Radar cross-section","level":3,"score":0.4919717013835907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47721511125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114445506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196868","display_name":"Secondary surveillance radar","level":3,"score":0.43289998173713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2534860074520111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15735569596290588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15290623903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.09689697623252869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1153/pdf?version=1676884921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:192458","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153>.","pdf_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/192458/1/remotesensing-15-01153.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:456d8b00b9e24c5c88ac7cf800bf078e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/456d8b00b9e24c5c88ac7cf800bf078e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 1153 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/1153/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1153/pdf?version=1676884921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321373285.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168750428","https://openalex.org/W1511507562","https://openalex.org/W1939856446","https://openalex.org/W2003244310","https://openalex.org/W2018115270","https://openalex.org/W2049677420","https://openalex.org/W2127038522","https://openalex.org/W2163512833","https://openalex.org/W2316866871","https://openalex.org/W2528549256","https://openalex.org/W2531205823","https://openalex.org/W2770602987","https://openalex.org/W2986152512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151957892","https://openalex.org/W4225492223","https://openalex.org/W4214771992","https://openalex.org/W4308567392","https://openalex.org/W2020302607","https://openalex.org/W2028780127","https://openalex.org/W1671037114","https://openalex.org/W2767960750","https://openalex.org/W3101164810","https://openalex.org/W2578532134"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Active":[0],"Radar":[1,26],"Calibrators":[2],"(ARC),":[3],"also":[4],"called":[5,48],"calibration":[6,17,61],"transponders,":[7],"are":[8],"often":[9],"used":[10],"as":[11,34,70],"reference":[12,36],"targets":[13,69],"for":[14,59],"absolute":[15],"radiometric":[16],"of":[18,62,125],"radar":[19],"systems":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,42,82,105],"their":[23],"large":[24],"achievable":[25],"Cross-Section":[27],"(RCS).":[28],"However,":[29],"before":[30],"using":[31,66],"a":[32,35,83,97],"transponder":[33],"target,":[37],"the":[38,49,113,122],"hardware":[39],"itself":[40],"has":[41],"be":[43],"calibrated.":[44],"A":[45,115],"novel":[46],"method,":[47,51],"three-transponder":[50],"was":[52],"proposed":[53],"some":[54],"years":[55],"ago":[56],"and":[57,80,96,109],"allows":[58],"RCS":[60,68],"digital":[63,88],"transponders":[64],"without":[65],"any":[67],"reference.":[71],"In":[72],"this":[73,75,126],"paper,":[74],"technique":[76],"is":[77,94,103,119],"further":[78],"refined":[79],"applied":[81],"setup":[84],"utilizing":[85],"only":[86],"one":[87],"transponder.":[89],"The":[90],"accurate":[91],"measurement":[92],"design":[93],"described":[95],"novel,":[98],"elaborated":[99],"data":[100],"processing":[101],"scheme":[102],"developed":[104],"minimize":[106],"remaining":[107],"noise":[108],"clutter":[110],"effects":[111],"in":[112,121],"data.":[114],"comprehensive":[116],"error":[117],"analysis":[118],"presented":[120],"second":[123],"part":[124],"paper.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
