{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321097867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068","title":"Quantifying the Effects of Different Containment Policies on Urban NO2 Decline: Evidence from Remote Sensing and Ground-Station Data","display_name":"Quantifying the Effects of Different Containment Policies on Urban NO2 Decline: Evidence from Remote Sensing and Ground-Station Data","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321097867","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1068/pdf?version=1677031061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1068/pdf?version=1677031061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058403564","display_name":"Jing Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5603-4611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086628680","display_name":"Bailing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-2100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bailing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342751","display_name":"Junyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-542X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113306721","display_name":"Hiroshima University","ror":"https://ror.org/03t78wx29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan","School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8529, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001197542","display_name":"Anrong Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9290-5509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anrong Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086628680"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113306721"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.6303,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65242841,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1068","last_page":"1068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12916","display_name":"COVID-19 impact on air quality","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10190","display_name":"Air Quality and Health Impacts","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.5915416479110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megacity","display_name":"Megacity","score":0.5571855902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5445246696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"Air pollution","score":0.4413278102874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.3940959870815277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning","display_name":"Environmental planning","score":0.3271886110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2956567406654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.0994049608707428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.5915416479110718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.5571855902671814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5445246696472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.4413278102874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.3940959870815277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3271886110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2956567406654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0994049608707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1068/pdf?version=1677031061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c0a43c5487494b58bd7c0f5146924342","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c0a43c5487494b58bd7c0f5146924342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 1068 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/1068/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1068/pdf?version=1677031061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3085993365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G565040796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6256444366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"COVID-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6537503085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6581206664","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52130804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G728682276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7681975213","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52130804","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7726157001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant No.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320290","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4321097867.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523408885","https://openalex.org/W1989280111","https://openalex.org/W2127480988","https://openalex.org/W2132545125","https://openalex.org/W2163283323","https://openalex.org/W2343188872","https://openalex.org/W2461331636","https://openalex.org/W2551912336","https://openalex.org/W2883577318","https://openalex.org/W2908418060","https://openalex.org/W2977978674","https://openalex.org/W2993303109","https://openalex.org/W2997050358","https://openalex.org/W3015662904","https://openalex.org/W3042533667","https://openalex.org/W3045818358","https://openalex.org/W3112073971","https://openalex.org/W3113265756","https://openalex.org/W3124814351","https://openalex.org/W3157127270","https://openalex.org/W3186544077","https://openalex.org/W3187199924","https://openalex.org/W3200090209","https://openalex.org/W3208959557","https://openalex.org/W3212827284","https://openalex.org/W3216140003","https://openalex.org/W4206210420","https://openalex.org/W4212790113","https://openalex.org/W4221034319","https://openalex.org/W4298000411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015747722","https://openalex.org/W3183778700","https://openalex.org/W1585705538","https://openalex.org/W2362050182","https://openalex.org/W2382418233","https://openalex.org/W4241022952","https://openalex.org/W2132624723","https://openalex.org/W2285821126","https://openalex.org/W3123974110","https://openalex.org/W3125859319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cities":[0],"exposed":[1],"their":[2],"vulnerabilities":[3],"during":[4],"the":[5,31,56,89,102,111,120,132,150,156,181],"COVID-19":[6],"pandemic.":[7],"Unprecedented":[8],"policies":[9],"restricted":[10,140],"human":[11],"activities":[12],"but":[13],"left":[14],"a":[15,41,68,76],"unique":[16],"opportunity":[17],"to":[18,29,54,100,119,130,168],"quantify":[19,131],"anthropogenic":[20],"effects":[21,133],"on":[22,160],"urban":[23,33,184],"air":[24,190],"pollution.":[25,191],"This":[26],"study":[27,70],"aimed":[28],"explore":[30],"underlying":[32],"development":[34],"issues":[35],"behind":[36],"these":[37],"restrictions":[38,153,164],"and":[39,49,58,94,113,117,123,145,171,175],"support":[40],"sustainable":[42],"transition.":[43],"The":[44,91,108],"data":[45],"from":[46],"ground":[47],"stations":[48],"Sentinel-5P":[50],"satellite":[51],"were":[52,98,128,149,165],"used":[53,129],"assess":[55],"temporal":[57],"spatial":[59,124,185],"anomalies":[60],"of":[61,88,134,183],"NO2.":[62],"Beijing":[63],"China":[64],"was":[65,115],"selected":[66],"for":[67,85],"case":[69],"because":[71],"this":[72],"mega":[73],"city":[74],"maintained":[75],"\u201cdynamic":[77],"zero-COVID\u201d":[78],"policy":[79,121],"with":[80],"adjusted":[81],"restrictions,":[82],"which":[83],"allowed":[84],"better":[86],"tracking":[87],"effects.":[90],"time-series":[92],"decomposition":[93],"prediction":[95],"regression":[96],"model":[97],"employed":[99],"estimate":[101],"normal":[103],"NO2":[104,161],"levels":[105],"in":[106],"2020.":[107],"deviation":[109],"between":[110],"observations":[112],"predictions":[114],"identified":[116],"attributed":[118],"interventions,":[122],"stratified":[125],"heterogeneity":[126],"statistics":[127],"different":[135],"policies.":[136],"Workplace":[137],"closures":[138,147],"(54.8%),":[139],"public":[141],"transport":[142],"usage":[143],"(52.3%),":[144],"school":[146],"(46.4%)":[148],"top":[151],"three":[152],"that":[154],"had":[155],"most":[157],"significant":[158],"impacts":[159],"anomalies.":[162],"These":[163],"directly":[166],"linked":[167],"mismatched":[169],"employment":[170],"housing,":[172],"educational":[173],"inequality,":[174],"long-term":[176],"road":[177],"congestion":[178],"issues.":[179],"Promoting":[180],"transformation":[182],"structures":[186],"can":[187],"effectively":[188],"alleviate":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-19T08:26:33.389920","created_date":"2023-02-17T00:00:00"}