{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320919438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052","title":"Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Snow Depth: Techniques, Challenges and Future Directions","display_name":"Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of Snow Depth: Techniques, Challenges and Future Directions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320919438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1052/pdf?version=1676447428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1052/pdf?version=1676447428","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000720940","display_name":"Srinivasarao Tanniru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6632-6893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasarao Tanniru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Remote Sensing Applications (H-RSA) Group, Department Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Remote Sensing Applications (H-RSA) Group, Department Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077537078","display_name":"RAAJ Ramsankaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8602-1934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"RAAJ Ramsankaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Remote Sensing Applications (H-RSA) Group, Department Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India","Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Remote Sensing Applications (H-RSA) Group, Department Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077537078"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.5914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97654148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"1052","last_page":"1052"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowpack","display_name":"Snowpack","score":0.8306856155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.6369099617004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5699718594551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4766881465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4607255756855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.44034117460250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.2885228991508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1820192039012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15788716077804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.10951125621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.05948060750961304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778877292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18575846","display_name":"Snowpack","level":3,"score":0.8306856155395508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.6369099617004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5699718594551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4766881465911865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4607255756855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.44034117460250854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.2885228991508484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1820192039012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15788716077804565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.10951125621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.05948060750961304}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1052/pdf?version=1676447428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6d3a1e3c860e47a384283ac783b54627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6d3a1e3c860e47a384283ac783b54627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 1052 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/1052/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15041052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15041052","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/1052/pdf?version=1676447428","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320919438.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":186,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59078114","https://openalex.org/W75231382","https://openalex.org/W236760287","https://openalex.org/W1511533314","https://openalex.org/W1573815108","https://openalex.org/W1580827583","https://openalex.org/W1697673293","https://openalex.org/W1819525578","https://openalex.org/W1847029641","https://openalex.org/W1963755327","https://openalex.org/W1970641180","https://openalex.org/W1972045259","https://openalex.org/W1972433961","https://openalex.org/W1975196255","https://openalex.org/W1977793474","https://openalex.org/W1978524841","https://openalex.org/W1982859007","https://openalex.org/W1987288027","https://openalex.org/W1996099728","https://openalex.org/W1996844457","https://openalex.org/W1998661669","https://openalex.org/W2002604925","https://openalex.org/W2007061445","https://openalex.org/W2007620536","https://openalex.org/W2013042234","https://openalex.org/W2014007124","https://openalex.org/W2015718016","https://openalex.org/W2019355495","https://openalex.org/W2021964057","https://openalex.org/W2023225965","https://openalex.org/W2026990829","https://openalex.org/W2027824608","https://openalex.org/W2027999255","https://openalex.org/W2033854784","https://openalex.org/W2035466844","https://openalex.org/W2037460024","https://openalex.org/W2041749147","https://openalex.org/W2041887742","https://openalex.org/W2047499895","https://openalex.org/W2049307092","https://openalex.org/W2051420562","https://openalex.org/W2057470175","https://openalex.org/W2061786841","https://openalex.org/W2063544218","https://openalex.org/W2068380000","https://openalex.org/W2070904642","https://openalex.org/W2073353017","https://openalex.org/W2074418666","https://openalex.org/W2074453004","https://openalex.org/W2076340991","https://openalex.org/W2079554028","https://openalex.org/W2079669595","https://openalex.org/W2084187322","https://openalex.org/W2085663947","https://openalex.org/W2094269081","https://openalex.org/W2094427848","https://openalex.org/W2096003028","https://openalex.org/W2098851308","https://openalex.org/W2099872269","https://openalex.org/W2100714871","https://openalex.org/W2101448757","https://openalex.org/W2102160434","https://openalex.org/W2107397405","https://openalex.org/W2114794293","https://openalex.org/W2117653950","https://openalex.org/W2124287399","https://openalex.org/W2127735602","https://openalex.org/W2130081545","https://openalex.org/W2130375876","https://openalex.org/W2131010628","https://openalex.org/W2132468394","https://openalex.org/W2137446795","https://openalex.org/W2137511792","https://openalex.org/W2140739868","https://openalex.org/W2141018440","https://openalex.org/W2142391157","https://openalex.org/W2144055084","https://openalex.org/W2144546429","https://openalex.org/W2146809780","https://openalex.org/W2146846308","https://openalex.org/W2156278561","https://openalex.org/W2156696154","https://openalex.org/W2158768321","https://openalex.org/W2159769116","https://openalex.org/W2165474300","https://openalex.org/W2169014816","https://openalex.org/W2169737562","https://openalex.org/W2169973869","https://openalex.org/W2170582209","https://openalex.org/W2171617037","https://openalex.org/W2174732504","https://openalex.org/W2180770370","https://openalex.org/W2187376145","https://openalex.org/W2235571426","https://openalex.org/W2265573996","https://openalex.org/W2282506930","https://openalex.org/W2314746617","https://openalex.org/W2316918448","https://openalex.org/W2353778445","https://openalex.org/W2461785582","https://openalex.org/W2508088028","https://openalex.org/W2510892750","https://openalex.org/W2514631964","https://openalex.org/W2562602163","https://openalex.org/W2563870599","https://openalex.org/W2565928357","https://openalex.org/W2566631835","https://openalex.org/W2587005214","https://openalex.org/W2605998540","https://openalex.org/W2613669634","https://openalex.org/W2620772429","https://openalex.org/W2673517112","https://openalex.org/W2733025386","https://openalex.org/W2735016066","https://openalex.org/W2735040458","https://openalex.org/W2771431806","https://openalex.org/W2783163725","https://openalex.org/W2792886864","https://openalex.org/W2793938331","https://openalex.org/W2797297459","https://openalex.org/W2802142729","https://openalex.org/W2803029102","https://openalex.org/W2808544962","https://openalex.org/W2889450552","https://openalex.org/W2891775704","https://openalex.org/W2894603761","https://openalex.org/W2903638408","https://openalex.org/W2903946907","https://openalex.org/W2910881871","https://openalex.org/W2917462671","https://openalex.org/W2935123785","https://openalex.org/W2943337166","https://openalex.org/W2949167725","https://openalex.org/W2949759668","https://openalex.org/W2950069140","https://openalex.org/W2964397832","https://openalex.org/W2968290454","https://openalex.org/W2971840388","https://openalex.org/W2972222780","https://openalex.org/W2973027498","https://openalex.org/W2977422968","https://openalex.org/W2979460632","https://openalex.org/W2987110318","https://openalex.org/W2987366628","https://openalex.org/W2993655709","https://openalex.org/W2994799858","https://openalex.org/W2994942492","https://openalex.org/W3005266794","https://openalex.org/W3015723725","https://openalex.org/W3015876381","https://openalex.org/W3025429029","https://openalex.org/W3025614382","https://openalex.org/W3037871267","https://openalex.org/W3040868219","https://openalex.org/W3043389456","https://openalex.org/W3080603586","https://openalex.org/W3080987749","https://openalex.org/W3081755906","https://openalex.org/W3085509882","https://openalex.org/W3094112595","https://openalex.org/W3128790873","https://openalex.org/W3131208431","https://openalex.org/W3136825880","https://openalex.org/W3142244503","https://openalex.org/W3159436612","https://openalex.org/W3176041963","https://openalex.org/W3176413677","https://openalex.org/W3191406576","https://openalex.org/W3191951678","https://openalex.org/W3195071620","https://openalex.org/W3204355707","https://openalex.org/W3207046961","https://openalex.org/W4211203694","https://openalex.org/W4212958120","https://openalex.org/W4220989567","https://openalex.org/W4225078822","https://openalex.org/W4231143042","https://openalex.org/W4232772892","https://openalex.org/W4251071582","https://openalex.org/W4282594040","https://openalex.org/W4298005668","https://openalex.org/W4312920205","https://openalex.org/W6666061951","https://openalex.org/W6686928011","https://openalex.org/W6725921232","https://openalex.org/W6741264815"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110091907","https://openalex.org/W253341182","https://openalex.org/W2187012855","https://openalex.org/W3170438605","https://openalex.org/W141901520","https://openalex.org/W2334725915","https://openalex.org/W2282506930","https://openalex.org/W2794575618","https://openalex.org/W2038298935","https://openalex.org/W2763806468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Monitoring":[0],"snowpack":[1,39],"depth":[2,27],"is":[3],"essential":[4],"in":[5,76,89,133,170,197],"many":[6],"applications":[7],"at":[8],"regional":[9],"and":[10,46,53,112,130,148,166,187],"global":[11,82],"scales.":[12],"Space-borne":[13],"passive":[14],"microwave":[15],"(PMW)":[16],"remote":[17],"sensing":[18],"observations":[19],"have":[20,56,86],"been":[21,57],"widely":[22],"used":[23],"to":[24,35,38,73,106],"estimate":[25],"snow":[26,113],"(SD)":[28],"information":[29],"for":[30,123,192],"over":[31,69],"four":[32,142],"decades":[33],"due":[34,72,105],"their":[36,90,128],"responsiveness":[37],"characteristics.":[40],"Many":[41],"approaches":[42,55],"comprised":[43],"of":[44,164,173,181],"static":[45],"dynamic":[47],"empirical":[48],"models,":[49,52],"non-linear,":[50],"machine-learning-based":[51,149],"assimilation":[54],"developed":[58],"using":[59],"spaceborne":[60],"PMW":[61,83,174,184],"observations.":[62],"These":[63],"models":[64,122,138],"cannot":[65],"be":[66],"applied":[67],"uniformly":[68],"all":[70],"regions":[71,93],"inherent":[74],"limitations":[75],"the":[77,81,96,116,134,153,167,171,179,182],"modelling":[78],"approaches.":[79],"Further,":[80],"SD":[84,103,124,137,185,188],"products":[85],"masked":[87],"out":[88],"coverage":[91],"critical":[92],"such":[94],"as":[95,98,100],"Himalayas,":[97],"well":[99],"very":[101],"high":[102],"regions,":[104],"constraints":[107],"triggered":[108],"by":[109],"prevailing":[110],"topographical":[111],"conditions.":[114],"Therefore,":[115],"current":[117],"review":[118,159],"article":[119],"discusses":[120],"different":[121],"estimation,":[125],"along":[126],"with":[127],"merits":[129],"limitations.":[131],"Here":[132],"review,":[135],"various":[136,162],"are":[139,195],"grouped":[140],"into":[141],"types,":[143],"i.e.,":[144],"static,":[145],"dynamic,":[146],"assimilation-based,":[147],"models.":[150],"To":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"rationale":[154],"behind":[155],"these":[156],"drawbacks,":[157],"this":[158,198],"also":[160],"details":[161],"causes":[163],"uncertainty,":[165],"challenges":[168],"present":[169],"estimation":[172,189],"SD.":[175],"Finally,":[176],"based":[177],"on":[178],"status":[180],"available":[183],"datasets,":[186],"techniques,":[190],"recommendations":[191],"future":[193],"research":[194],"included":[196],"article.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}