{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319597720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915","title":"Joint TDOA, FDOA and PDOA Localization Approaches and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Joint TDOA, FDOA and PDOA Localization Approaches and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319597720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/915/pdf?version=1675782105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/915/pdf?version=1675782105","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001998141","display_name":"Jinzhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-1714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinzhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079895513","display_name":"Shouye Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouye Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090854289","display_name":"Liujie Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3378-1963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liujie Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051198089","display_name":"Sheng Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9947-9968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356054","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-5183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100557889","display_name":"Jing Nie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053788358","display_name":"Ying Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sergeant School, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sergeant School, Space Engineering University, Beijing 101416, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041548618","display_name":"Chenglin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5319-4206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166112","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05wzjqa24","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spaceborne Information Intelligent Interpretation, Beijing Institute of Remote Sensing Information, Beijing 100192, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001998141"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166112"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.8583,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85168928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"4","first_page":"915","last_page":"915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fdoa","display_name":"FDOA","score":0.9831235408782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.9599034190177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.8765507936477661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6845179796218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5908606052398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5465502738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4966955780982971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.43285009264945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.41604968905448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24903824925422668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.188563734292984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.17155492305755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06117856502532959}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14774633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5425288","display_name":"FDOA","level":4,"score":0.9831235408782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.9599034190177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.8765507936477661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6845179796218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5908606052398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5465502738952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4966955780982971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.43285009264945984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.41604968905448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24903824925422668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.188563734292984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.17155492305755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06117856502532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/915/pdf?version=1675782105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4db85b948d3d4e4aa3adecb4b1490ed7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4db85b948d3d4e4aa3adecb4b1490ed7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 4, p 915 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/4/915/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15040915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15040915","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/4/915/pdf?version=1675782105","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319597720.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052111957","https://openalex.org/W2091310748","https://openalex.org/W2100758588","https://openalex.org/W2106290985","https://openalex.org/W2120350100","https://openalex.org/W2124888202","https://openalex.org/W2127263006","https://openalex.org/W2148752651","https://openalex.org/W2154347068","https://openalex.org/W2156476853","https://openalex.org/W2157738322","https://openalex.org/W2161459013","https://openalex.org/W2196725327","https://openalex.org/W2543150621","https://openalex.org/W2803965910","https://openalex.org/W2888465049","https://openalex.org/W2889597008","https://openalex.org/W2899875321","https://openalex.org/W2941394127","https://openalex.org/W2949978583","https://openalex.org/W2951645646","https://openalex.org/W3011055704","https://openalex.org/W3012144164","https://openalex.org/W3015412213","https://openalex.org/W3094393300","https://openalex.org/W3108614037","https://openalex.org/W3125835030","https://openalex.org/W3192858548","https://openalex.org/W3202204144","https://openalex.org/W4206004623","https://openalex.org/W4206725225","https://openalex.org/W4212893018","https://openalex.org/W4213351327","https://openalex.org/W4214764211","https://openalex.org/W4285815172","https://openalex.org/W4287148284"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138144598","https://openalex.org/W2129263947","https://openalex.org/W1952524435","https://openalex.org/W4319597720","https://openalex.org/W2370956270","https://openalex.org/W2762447551","https://openalex.org/W2363198591","https://openalex.org/W3202799503","https://openalex.org/W2100567635","https://openalex.org/W2919091413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-station":[0],"joint":[1,20,48,67],"localization":[2,32,38,53,74,100,120,140],"has":[3],"important":[4],"practical":[5],"significance.":[6],"In":[7],"this":[8],"paper,":[9],"phase":[10,58,80,96,108],"difference":[11,22,28],"of":[12,23,29,46,65,79,94,115,142],"arrival":[13,24,30],"(PDOA)":[14],"information":[15],"is":[16,60,85],"introduced":[17],"into":[18],"the":[19,36,41,47,63,66,77,89,92,95,107,139,143],"time":[21],"(TDOA)":[25],"and":[26,51,70,102,132],"frequency":[27],"(FDOA)":[31],"method":[33,75],"to":[34,105],"improve":[35],"target":[37],"accuracy.":[39],"First,":[40],"Cramer\u2013Rao":[42],"lower":[43],"bound":[44],"(CRLB)":[45],"TDOA,":[49,68],"FDOA":[50,69],"PDOA":[52,72],"approach":[54],"with":[55],"multi-station":[56],"precise":[57],"synchronization":[59],"derived.":[61],"Then,":[62],"CRLB":[64],"differential":[71],"(dPDOA)":[73],"for":[76,129],"case":[78],"asynchronization":[81],"between":[82],"observation":[83],"stations":[84],"also":[86],"presented.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"authors":[90],"analyze":[91],"influence":[93],"wrapping":[97,109],"problem":[98,110],"on":[99,112,123],"accuracy":[101],"propose":[103],"solutions":[104],"solve":[106],"based":[111,122],"cost":[113],"functions":[114],"grid":[116],"search.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"iterative":[119],"algorithms":[121],"maximum":[124],"likelihood":[125],"(ML)":[126],"are":[127],"proposed":[128,144],"both":[130],"TDOA/FDOA/PDOA":[131],"TDOA/FDOA/dPDOA":[133],"scenarios,":[134],"respectively.":[135],"Simulation":[136],"results":[137],"demonstrate":[138],"performance":[141],"approaches.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-15T08:34:33.830935","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
