{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4316468298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527","title":"A Single-Site Vehicle Positioning Method in the Rectangular Tunnel Environment","display_name":"A Single-Site Vehicle Positioning Method in the Rectangular Tunnel Environment","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4316468298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/527/pdf?version=1673863151","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/527/pdf?version=1673863151","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016295846","display_name":"Suying Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-8061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799293361","display_name":"Baoji University of Arts and Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05nx0xs09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799293361"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suying Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China","School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799293361"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001688225","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1675-1445"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100416316","display_name":"Peng Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9637-424X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001688225"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.173,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77348895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"527","last_page":"527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8602319955825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.7228901386260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7206056118011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5540447235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5220161080360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.5034076571464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.48812732100486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.4636956453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.4475730061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.4472610652446747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.43309593200683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.41966143250465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4110400080680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.330095499753952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2261556088924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.20347774028778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16239869594573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14862999320030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1306036412715912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.11790922284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.11237549781799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10027217864990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.0813741683959961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8602319955825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.7228901386260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7206056118011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5540447235107422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5220161080360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.5034076571464539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.48812732100486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.4636956453323364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4475730061531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.4472610652446747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.43309593200683594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.41966143250465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4110400080680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.330095499753952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2261556088924408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.20347774028778076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16239869594573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14862999320030212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1306036412715912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.11790922284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.11237549781799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10027217864990234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0813741683959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/527/pdf?version=1673863151","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a6b8107596164ca78a3fb2fcc8b5c38d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a6b8107596164ca78a3fb2fcc8b5c38d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 527 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/527/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 527","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020527","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/527/pdf?version=1673863151","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1840579935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1968019745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22JK0248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2146176340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021KWZ-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3267675331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022TD-41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3413829379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22JK0248","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4731239714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022TD-41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5100205810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7495026607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022TD-41","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7593488350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021KWZ-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8424985830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021KWZ-08","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","funder_display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325627","display_name":"Education Department of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4316468298.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1217034487","https://openalex.org/W1418118782","https://openalex.org/W1598156927","https://openalex.org/W1971499209","https://openalex.org/W1986808155","https://openalex.org/W2003300141","https://openalex.org/W2004992251","https://openalex.org/W2035188723","https://openalex.org/W2043694130","https://openalex.org/W2044006304","https://openalex.org/W2055944008","https://openalex.org/W2058034041","https://openalex.org/W2079658435","https://openalex.org/W2102216272","https://openalex.org/W2119638282","https://openalex.org/W2120498409","https://openalex.org/W2125797950","https://openalex.org/W2150832435","https://openalex.org/W2156484734","https://openalex.org/W2160468287","https://openalex.org/W2214524378","https://openalex.org/W2408952348","https://openalex.org/W2412917545","https://openalex.org/W2473789578","https://openalex.org/W2520933848","https://openalex.org/W2566918566","https://openalex.org/W2592612082","https://openalex.org/W2634451211","https://openalex.org/W2740518469","https://openalex.org/W2766353035","https://openalex.org/W2805929175","https://openalex.org/W2895520857","https://openalex.org/W2900579243","https://openalex.org/W2910583329","https://openalex.org/W2916619007","https://openalex.org/W2921383259","https://openalex.org/W2982416829","https://openalex.org/W3005053218","https://openalex.org/W3010133558","https://openalex.org/W3053018552","https://openalex.org/W3084129438","https://openalex.org/W3094038710","https://openalex.org/W3117777459","https://openalex.org/W3118458645","https://openalex.org/W3160755597","https://openalex.org/W4200434903","https://openalex.org/W4206603161","https://openalex.org/W4206944266","https://openalex.org/W4210740788","https://openalex.org/W4280493442","https://openalex.org/W4309751621","https://openalex.org/W6637677336","https://openalex.org/W6646912200","https://openalex.org/W6734573795","https://openalex.org/W6760411806","https://openalex.org/W6784171289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2391980879","https://openalex.org/W1636339314","https://openalex.org/W2799362944","https://openalex.org/W2056956967","https://openalex.org/W2066348132","https://openalex.org/W2235572374","https://openalex.org/W2082010652","https://openalex.org/W2099208041","https://openalex.org/W2085803349","https://openalex.org/W2132956114"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,10,92,153,176],"the":[2,12,16,26,38,43,51,61,68,73,78,97,103,123,132,136,142,150,155,167,178,185,203,208,215,223],"satellite":[3],"signals":[4],"are":[5,64,162,174],"blocked,":[6],"it":[7],"is":[8,117],"difficult":[9],"obtain":[11],"vehicle":[13,22,57,94,156,179],"position":[14],"in":[15,112],"tunnels.":[17],"We":[18],"propose":[19],"a":[20,113,191],"single-site":[21],"localization":[23,40,108,124,133,198,204],"scheme":[24],"for":[25,56,109],"rectangular":[27],"tunnel":[28,90,151],"environment,":[29],"where":[30],"most":[31],"satellite-based":[32],"positioning":[33,172,187,209,231],"methods":[34,235],"can":[35,189],"not":[36],"provide":[37,190],"required":[39],"accuracy.":[41],"In":[42,119,135],"non-line-of-sight":[44],"(NLOS)":[45],"scenarios,":[46,139],"we":[47,76,130,140],"make":[48],"use":[49,77,141],"of":[50,72,85,102],"reflection":[52,86,147],"paths":[53,87,148],"as":[54],"assistants":[55],"positioning.":[58,95],"Specifically,":[59],"first,":[60],"virtual":[62,159],"stations":[63,161],"established":[65],"based":[66,121,165],"on":[67,122,166],"actual":[69],"geometrical":[70],"structure":[71],"tunnel.":[74],"Second,":[75,164],"direction-of-arrival":[79],"(DOA)":[80],"and":[81,106,127,145],"time-of-arrival":[82],"(TOA)":[83],"information":[84],"from":[88,149],"two":[89,146],"walls":[91,152],"achieve":[93],"Especially,":[96],"Cramer-Rao":[98],"lower":[99],"bound":[100],"(CRLB)":[101],"joint":[104],"TOA":[105,169],"DOA":[107],"NLOS":[110],"propagations":[111],"two-dimensional":[114],"(2D)":[115],"space":[116],"derived.":[118],"addition,":[120],"algorithms":[125,173,199],"with":[126,207],"without":[128,211],"filters,":[129,213],"assess":[131],"performance.":[134],"line-of-sight":[137],"(LOS)":[138],"LOS":[143],"path":[144],"estimate":[154,177],"location.":[157,180],"First,":[158],"base":[160],"established.":[163],"obtained":[168],"information,":[170],"different":[171],"used":[175],"Simulation":[181],"results":[182],"illustrate":[183],"that":[184],"proposed":[186],"approach":[188],"small":[192],"root":[193],"mean":[194],"square":[195],"error.":[196],"The":[197],"using":[200,212],"filters":[201],"improve":[202],"accuracy,":[205],"compared":[206],"algorithm":[210,228],"namely,":[214],"two-stage":[216],"weighted":[217],"least":[218],"squares":[219],"(TSWLS)":[220],"algorithm.":[221],"Moreover,":[222],"Unscented":[224,237],"Particle":[225],"Filter":[226,239,243],"(UPF)":[227],"achieves":[229],"better":[230],"accuracy":[232],"than":[233],"other":[234],"(i.e.,":[236],"Kalman":[238,242],"(UKF),":[240],"Extended":[241],"(EKF),":[244],"TSWLS":[245],"algorithms).":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-01-16T00:00:00"}
