{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315795975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442","title":"A Quantitative Assessment of LIDAR Data Accuracy","display_name":"A Quantitative Assessment of LIDAR Data Accuracy","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315795975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/442/pdf?version=1673442908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/442/pdf?version=1673442908","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012384560","display_name":"Ahmed Elaksher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8820-6649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10052268","display_name":"New Mexico State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hpz7z43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Elaksher","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-0001, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015660461","display_name":"Tarig Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-7464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarig Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-7464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113674699","display_name":"Abdullatif Alharthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4517696","display_name":"National Guard Health Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/02pecpe58","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4517696"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullatif Alharthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh 11173, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of National Guard, Riyadh 11173, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4517696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012384560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10052268"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.2861,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94860531,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"442","last_page":"442"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12983","display_name":"Satellite Image Processing and Photogrammetry","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.9219647645950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7132904529571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-scanning","display_name":"Laser scanning","score":0.5789794325828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49338212609291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-data","display_name":"Reference data","score":0.4585852324962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.43623268604278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3389687240123749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.2629915475845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.2133711278438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1905692219734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.11218905448913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08887192606925964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9219647645950317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7132904529571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141349535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361664","display_name":"Laser scanning","level":3,"score":0.5789794325828552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49338212609291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60478076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3036835","display_name":"Reference data","level":2,"score":0.4585852324962616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.43623268604278564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3389687240123749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.2629915475845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.2133711278438568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1905692219734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.11218905448913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08887192606925964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/442/pdf?version=1673442908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec5ec8b3682e462bb57d6858f26755a6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec5ec8b3682e462bb57d6858f26755a6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 442 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/442/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 442","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/442/pdf?version=1673442908","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315795975.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164170539","https://openalex.org/W816961721","https://openalex.org/W1928471770","https://openalex.org/W2001788812","https://openalex.org/W2050834841","https://openalex.org/W2190417582","https://openalex.org/W2481765306","https://openalex.org/W2561205583","https://openalex.org/W2717231243","https://openalex.org/W2752372917","https://openalex.org/W2789924387","https://openalex.org/W2811307883","https://openalex.org/W2912107715","https://openalex.org/W2915486752","https://openalex.org/W2946752575","https://openalex.org/W2994342516","https://openalex.org/W2994499180","https://openalex.org/W3015329906","https://openalex.org/W3022998786","https://openalex.org/W3044441963","https://openalex.org/W3049332966","https://openalex.org/W3095663940","https://openalex.org/W3099521466","https://openalex.org/W3109574655","https://openalex.org/W3130587814","https://openalex.org/W3132865271","https://openalex.org/W3150479181","https://openalex.org/W3160035829","https://openalex.org/W4221061730","https://openalex.org/W4280523024","https://openalex.org/W6606606225","https://openalex.org/W6721885471","https://openalex.org/W6740647085"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2594043982","https://openalex.org/W3036493597","https://openalex.org/W2351984678","https://openalex.org/W2140032575","https://openalex.org/W2011860471","https://openalex.org/W2012196540","https://openalex.org/W3011451421","https://openalex.org/W1994701322","https://openalex.org/W2754874171","https://openalex.org/W2560779390"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Airborne":[0],"laser":[1,107],"scanning":[2,108],"sensors":[3],"are":[4],"impressive":[5],"in":[6,17,20,33,96,195],"their":[7],"ability":[8],"to":[9],"collect":[10],"a":[11,21,27,73,77,177,186],"large":[12],"number":[13],"of":[14,30,39,52,58,67,76,85,98,105,127,134,150,164,171],"topographic":[15],"points":[16],"three":[18],"dimensions":[19],"very":[22],"short":[23],"time":[24],"thus":[25],"providing":[26],"high-resolution":[28],"depiction":[29],"complex":[31],"objects":[32],"the":[34,46,50,56,59,83,86,99,103,121,124,128,135,139,148,151,165,182,193,196],"scanned":[35],"areas.":[36],"The":[37,110,117,131,173],"quality":[38,57,84],"any":[40,66],"final":[41],"product":[42],"naturally":[43],"depends":[44,191],"on":[45,102,192],"original":[47],"data":[48,60,88,167],"and":[49,82,123,160,190],"methods":[51],"generating":[53],"it.":[54],"Thus,":[55],"should":[61],"be":[62],"evaluated":[63],"before":[64],"assessing":[65],"its":[68],"products.":[69],"In":[70,146],"this":[71],"research,":[72],"detailed":[74],"evaluation":[75,111],"LIDAR":[78,87,129,136,166],"system":[79],"is":[80,89,112,143,154,176],"presented,":[81],"quantified.":[90],"This":[91],"area":[92,142],"has":[93,185],"been":[94],"under-emphasized":[95],"much":[97],"published":[100],"work":[101],"applications":[104],"airborne":[106],"data.":[109,130],"done":[113],"by":[114],"field":[115],"surveying.":[116],"results":[118],"address":[119],"both":[120],"planimetric":[122],"height":[125,162],"accuracy":[126],"average":[132],"discrepancy":[133],"elevations":[137],"from":[138],"surveyed":[140],"study":[141],"0.12":[144],"m.":[145,157],"general,":[147],"RMSE":[149],"horizontal":[152],"offsets":[153],"approximately":[155],"0.50":[156],"Both":[158],"relative":[159],"absolute":[161],"discrepancies":[163],"have":[168],"two":[169],"components":[170],"variation.":[172],"first":[174],"component":[175,184],"random":[178],"short-period":[179],"variation":[180],"while":[181],"second":[183],"less":[187],"significant":[188],"frequency":[189],"biases":[194],"geo-positioning":[197],"system.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-01-13T00:00:00"}