{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4315567932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420","title":"Robust Underwater Direction-of-Arrival Tracking Based on AI-Aided Variational Bayesian Extended Kalman Filter","display_name":"Robust Underwater Direction-of-Arrival Tracking Based on AI-Aided Variational Bayesian Extended Kalman Filter","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4315567932","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/420/pdf?version=1673916666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/420/pdf?version=1673916666","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077228753","display_name":"Xianghao Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-8901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghao Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074776249","display_name":"Yueyi Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueyi Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102905597","display_name":"Boxuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5673-8774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boxuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100706919","display_name":"Yixin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6180-676X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Technology, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100706919"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004","https://openalex.org/I4210131919"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.1325,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85111217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"420","last_page":"420"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6626695990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6522169709205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6517162322998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5257773399353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45299386978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bearing","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","score":0.4342024028301239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40428072214126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.10412395000457764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6626695990562439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6522169709205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6517162322998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5257773399353027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45299386978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.4342024028301239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40428072214126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.10412395000457764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/420/pdf?version=1673916666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cff1edcdce4a476fbc7fb35037845704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cff1edcdce4a476fbc7fb35037845704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 420 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/420/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 420","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020420","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020420","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/420/pdf?version=1673916666","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3765341316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G2022WD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5279985625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12104113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4315567932.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1912150046","https://openalex.org/W2039166941","https://openalex.org/W2043746281","https://openalex.org/W2053384457","https://openalex.org/W2060108923","https://openalex.org/W2079599773","https://openalex.org/W2095376999","https://openalex.org/W2110650974","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2112936906","https://openalex.org/W2118285770","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2150163982","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2220133736","https://openalex.org/W2255383600","https://openalex.org/W2532279591","https://openalex.org/W2545812351","https://openalex.org/W2584180403","https://openalex.org/W2593963720","https://openalex.org/W2618291259","https://openalex.org/W2737188128","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2801475234","https://openalex.org/W2884678912","https://openalex.org/W2889592805","https://openalex.org/W2915262602","https://openalex.org/W2941598199","https://openalex.org/W2957982397","https://openalex.org/W2973292897","https://openalex.org/W2983783122","https://openalex.org/W2986093098","https://openalex.org/W2989954484","https://openalex.org/W3001278556","https://openalex.org/W3014801121","https://openalex.org/W3027249705","https://openalex.org/W3037283588","https://openalex.org/W3067743946","https://openalex.org/W3081687233","https://openalex.org/W3103163183","https://openalex.org/W3118395062","https://openalex.org/W3128464154","https://openalex.org/W3157878946","https://openalex.org/W4283215605"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W1999583034","https://openalex.org/W3217214504","https://openalex.org/W3168963531","https://openalex.org/W2591930867","https://openalex.org/W2953138830","https://openalex.org/W2773822314","https://openalex.org/W3176162126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109],"AI-aided":[1],"variational":[2],"Bayesian":[3],"extended":[4],"Kalman":[5],"filter":[6],"(AI-VBEKF)-based":[7],"robust":[8],"direction-of-arrival":[9],"(DOA)":[10],"technique":[11,111],"is":[12,60,112],"proposed":[13,62,110],"to":[14,49,63,100,144],"make":[15,64],"reliable":[16,65,102],"estimations":[17,66],"of":[18,22,36,39,67,93,118],"the":[19,33,37,40,68,74,78,84,90,94,119,122,128,137,145],"bearing":[20,91],"angle":[21,92],"an":[23,54],"uncooperative":[24],"underwater":[25,86],"target":[26,95],"with":[27,89],"uncertain":[28,79],"environment":[29,87],"noise.":[30],"Considering":[31],"that":[32],"large":[34],"error":[35,44],"guess":[38],"initial":[41,69],"mean":[42],"square":[43],"matrix":[45],"(MSEM)":[46],"will":[47],"lead":[48],"inaccurate":[50],"DOA":[51,106],"tracking":[52,107],"results,":[53],"attention-based":[55],"deep":[56],"convolutional":[57],"neural":[58],"network":[59],"first":[61],"MSEM.":[70],"Then,":[71],"by":[72,83,116],"utilizing":[73],"AI-VBEKF":[75],"estimating":[76],"scheme,":[77],"measurement":[80],"noise":[81],"caused":[82],"unknown":[85],"along":[88],"can":[96],"be":[97],"estimated":[98],"simultaneously":[99],"provide":[101],"results":[103],"at":[104],"every":[105],"step.":[108],"demonstrated":[113],"and":[114,121,135,139],"verified":[115],"both":[117,136],"simulations":[120],"real":[123],"sea":[124],"trial":[125],"data":[126],"from":[127],"South":[129],"China":[130],"Sea":[131],"in":[132],"July":[133],"2021,":[134],"robustness":[138],"accuracy":[140],"are":[141],"proven":[142],"superior":[143],"traditional":[146],"DOA-estimating":[147],"methods.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2023-01-11T00:00:00"}