{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313827732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353","title":"Multi-Level Fusion Indoor Positioning Technology Considering Credible Evaluation Analysis","display_name":"Multi-Level Fusion Indoor Positioning Technology Considering Credible Evaluation Analysis","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313827732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/353/pdf?version=1673245937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/353/pdf?version=1673245937","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651264","display_name":"Lu Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-7399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032888897","display_name":"Baoguo Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-7519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baoguo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018551628","display_name":"Shitong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7940-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shitong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361766","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-6297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028609507","display_name":"Haonan Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3502-1453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100278","display_name":"Beijing Satellite Navigation Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0188rvx33","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Navigation System and Equipment Technology, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100278"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003494398","display_name":"Jingxue Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-7698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44445938","display_name":"Shandong Jianzhu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01gbfax37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44445938"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingxue Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2964-7698","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44445938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018551628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957","https://openalex.org/I4210100278"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0453,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75209507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"353","last_page":"353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7449195384979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-technology","display_name":"Positioning technology","score":0.511711597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5048990845680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.48665696382522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.4829922914505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.47058621048927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.43244582414627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.35417693853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3539350628852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.33169621229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3209748864173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1177625060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08890336751937866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7449195384979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.511711597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5048990845680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.48665696382522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4829922914505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.47058621048927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43244582414627075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.35417693853378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3539350628852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.33169621229171753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3209748864173889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1177625060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08890336751937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/353/pdf?version=1673245937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ed80113db39d4b27aeb28ee6aa51a209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ed80113db39d4b27aeb28ee6aa51a209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 353 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/353/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 353","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/353/pdf?version=1673245937","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313827732.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518620453","https://openalex.org/W1963996689","https://openalex.org/W2013407462","https://openalex.org/W2071077565","https://openalex.org/W2114056690","https://openalex.org/W2141221737","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2419008539","https://openalex.org/W2528614926","https://openalex.org/W2563417884","https://openalex.org/W2609031099","https://openalex.org/W2809564629","https://openalex.org/W2896227188","https://openalex.org/W2902997965","https://openalex.org/W2921149917","https://openalex.org/W2924150273","https://openalex.org/W2979932571","https://openalex.org/W2980624823","https://openalex.org/W3016913051","https://openalex.org/W3034319523","https://openalex.org/W3035922806","https://openalex.org/W3048573213","https://openalex.org/W3087445730","https://openalex.org/W3097958267","https://openalex.org/W3107920262","https://openalex.org/W3111812689","https://openalex.org/W3126780258","https://openalex.org/W4200369389","https://openalex.org/W4210478904","https://openalex.org/W4213412153","https://openalex.org/W4220913747","https://openalex.org/W4224130744","https://openalex.org/W4293191514","https://openalex.org/W4309721259","https://openalex.org/W6628833801","https://openalex.org/W6641355117","https://openalex.org/W6753246962","https://openalex.org/W6754969538","https://openalex.org/W6783267297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084744931","https://openalex.org/W2804003689","https://openalex.org/W2902549258","https://openalex.org/W2968867052","https://openalex.org/W4220774937","https://openalex.org/W4306248906","https://openalex.org/W4385199229","https://openalex.org/W4306291904","https://openalex.org/W4321792462","https://openalex.org/W2050204958"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aiming":[0],"at":[1,133],"the":[2,5,46,55,73,76,100,108,117,135,150,153,157,160,168,175,184,192],"problems":[3],"of":[4,11,75,94,107,152,159],"low":[6],"robustness":[7],"and":[8,39,45,85,116,145,195],"poor":[9],"reliability":[10],"a":[12,20,40,60,80,91,164,188],"single":[13],"positioning":[14,24,77,109,119,129,137,170,193],"source":[15],"in":[16,54,99,163,174,191],"complex":[17],"indoor":[18,23],"environments,":[19],"multi-level":[21],"fusion":[22,62],"technology":[25],"considering":[26],"credible":[27],"evaluation":[28,67,84],"is":[29,43,50,69,139,172],"proposed.":[30],"A":[31,64],"multi-dimensional":[32,81],"electromagnetic":[33],"atlas":[34],"including":[35],"pseudolites":[36],"(PL),":[37],"Wi-Fi":[38],"geomagnetic":[41],"field":[42],"constructed,":[44],"unsupervised":[47],"learning":[48],"model":[49],"used":[51],"to":[52,58,71],"sample":[53],"latent":[56],"space":[57],"achieve":[59],"feature-level":[61],"positioning.":[63],"location":[65],"credibility":[66,74],"method":[68,162,186],"designed":[70],"improve":[72],"system":[78,171],"through":[79],"data":[82],"quality":[83],"heterogeneous":[86],"information":[87],"auxiliary":[88],"constraints.":[89],"Finally,":[90],"large":[92],"number":[93],"experiments":[95],"were":[96],"carried":[97],"out":[98],"laboratory":[101],"environment,":[102,167],"and,":[103],"finally,":[104],"about":[105,142],"90%":[106],"error":[110,120],"was":[111,121],"better":[112],"than":[113],"1":[114],"m,":[115],"average":[118,136],"0.56":[122],"m.":[123],"Compared":[124],"with":[125],"several":[126],"relatively":[127],"advanced":[128],"methods":[130],"(Inter-satellite":[131],"CPDM/Epoch-CPDS/Z-KPI)":[132],"present,":[134],"accuracy":[138,194],"improved":[140],"by":[141],"56%,":[143],"83.5%":[144],"82.9%,":[146],"respectively,":[147],"which":[148],"verifies":[149],"effectiveness":[151],"algorithm.":[154],"To":[155],"verify":[156],"effect":[158],"proposed":[161,169,185],"practical":[165],"application":[166],"deployed":[173],"2022":[176],"Winter":[177],"Olympics":[178],"venues.":[179],"The":[180],"results":[181],"show":[182],"that":[183],"has":[187],"significant":[189],"improvement":[190],"continuity.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-01-09T00:00:00"}