{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313647046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333","title":"Spatial and Temporal Sampling Properties of a Large GNSS-R Satellite Constellation","display_name":"Spatial and Temporal Sampling Properties of a Large GNSS-R Satellite Constellation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313647046","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/333/pdf?version=1673432708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/333/pdf?version=1673432708","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041395051","display_name":"Jack Winkelried","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-6397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Winkelried","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7227-6397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076495698","display_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076946918","display_name":"Scott Gleason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO 80305, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO 80305, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076495698"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.7504,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94358694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"333","last_page":"333"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12449","display_name":"Spacecraft Design and Technology","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.8567100763320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.7120251059532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7081493139266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.6390500068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5895469784736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5888401865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4606615900993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4181842803955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3833143711090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.20828694105148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.14288410544395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1205405592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0932459831237793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.8567100763320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.7120251059532166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7081493139266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.6390500068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5895469784736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5888401865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4606615900993347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4181842803955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3833143711090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.20828694105148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.14288410544395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1205405592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0932459831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/333/pdf?version=1673432708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce3822f221e84e94a0cbf9361758570c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce3822f221e84e94a0cbf9361758570c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 333 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/2/333/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 2; Pages: 333","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15020333","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020333","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/2/333/pdf?version=1673432708","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7047649909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80LARC21DA003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313647046.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577414714","https://openalex.org/W1603954164","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2086639861","https://openalex.org/W2524127322","https://openalex.org/W2606882776","https://openalex.org/W2782019969","https://openalex.org/W2801770031","https://openalex.org/W2805429268","https://openalex.org/W2885395251","https://openalex.org/W2955106889","https://openalex.org/W3088088445","https://openalex.org/W3130789263","https://openalex.org/W3214734419","https://openalex.org/W4306804388"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W2560673277","https://openalex.org/W4225291832","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W2377622301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"large":[1],"constellations":[2,123,172],"of":[3,33,47,100,108,114,117,152,159],"smallsats,":[4],"mission":[5],"designers":[6],"can":[7,89],"improve":[8],"sampling":[9,20,130,150,168],"density":[10],"and":[11,28,50,56,59,70,102,128,131,156],"coverage.":[12,73],"We":[13],"develop":[14],"performance":[15,99,175,180],"metrics":[16,62],"that":[17,173],"characterize":[18],"key":[19,138],"properties":[21,151],"for":[22,166],"applications":[23],"in":[24,65,119],"numerical":[25],"weather":[26],"prediction":[27],"optimize":[29,174],"orbit":[30,84],"design":[31,94,113,170],"parameters":[32],"the":[34,51,57,98,112,126,148,157],"constellation":[35,81],"with":[36,162,176],"respect":[37,177],"to":[38,67,92,96,124,169,178],"those":[39,54],"metrics.":[40,181],"Orbits":[41],"are":[42,63,141],"defined":[43],"by":[44,78,134],"a":[45,80,142,153],"set":[46],"Keplerian":[48],"elements,":[49],"relationship":[52],"between":[53],"elements":[55],"spatial":[58,127,167],"temporal":[60,129,149],"coverage":[61,132],"examined":[64],"order":[66],"maximize":[68,125],"global":[69],"zonal":[71],"(latitude-dependent)":[72],"Additional":[74],"optimization":[75],"is":[76,111],"performed":[77],"dividing":[79],"into":[82],"multiple":[83],"planes.":[85],"An":[86],"iterative":[87],"method":[88],"be":[90],"applied":[91],"this":[93,109],"process":[95],"compare":[97],"current":[101],"previous":[103],"designs.":[104],"The":[105,137],"main":[106],"objective":[107],"work":[110],"optimized":[115],"configurations":[116],"satellites":[118],"low":[120],"Earth":[121],"orbiting":[122],"provided":[133],"its":[135],"sensors.":[136],"innovations":[139],"developed":[140],"new":[143],"cost":[144,164],"function":[145],"which":[146],"measures":[147],"satellite":[154,171],"constellation,":[155],"use":[158],"it":[160],"together":[161],"existing":[163],"functions":[165],"both":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
