{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313471290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241","title":"Whitecap Fraction Parameterization and Understanding with Deep Neural Network","display_name":"Whitecap Fraction Parameterization and Understanding with Deep Neural Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313471290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/241/pdf?version=1672904571","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/241/pdf?version=1672904571","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101181818","display_name":"Shuyi Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0029-5513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyi Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102756531","display_name":"Fanghua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4057-8387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fanghua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024627916","display_name":"Ruizi Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-5786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruizi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102756531"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8149,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70207614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"241","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fraction","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","score":0.7476934790611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","score":0.6177173256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5471540689468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"Wind speed","score":0.5110172033309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerosol","display_name":"Aerosol","score":0.4938364624977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.481594055891037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/momentum","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","score":0.4589018225669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.3692064881324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2504200339317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15103060007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.08572649955749512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149629883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660926","display_name":"Fraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7476934790611267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.6177173256874084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5471540689468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5110172033309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779345167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104541","display_name":"Aerosol","level":2,"score":0.4938364624977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.481594055891037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60718061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414747","display_name":"Momentum (technical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4589018225669861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.3692064881324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2504200339317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15103060007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.08572649955749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/241/pdf?version=1672904571","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4960abef18a54a25a6e36b74d6eb4171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4960abef18a54a25a6e36b74d6eb4171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 241 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/1/241/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 1; Pages: 241","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010241","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/241/pdf?version=1672904571","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2034088916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3101601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4299376201","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC3101601","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6624196571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFC","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6664823703","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42176019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8208342437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1 and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313471290.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97751169","https://openalex.org/W103769635","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1848071510","https://openalex.org/W1997085102","https://openalex.org/W2022960773","https://openalex.org/W2029692206","https://openalex.org/W2036471453","https://openalex.org/W2051241051","https://openalex.org/W2053778568","https://openalex.org/W2076289340","https://openalex.org/W2096995808","https://openalex.org/W2123846254","https://openalex.org/W2153867151","https://openalex.org/W2230007037","https://openalex.org/W2725892444","https://openalex.org/W2763991676","https://openalex.org/W2772076348","https://openalex.org/W2891768952","https://openalex.org/W2894556833","https://openalex.org/W2908155528","https://openalex.org/W2917594002","https://openalex.org/W2948026328","https://openalex.org/W3042493930","https://openalex.org/W3047626512","https://openalex.org/W3161061077","https://openalex.org/W3163201630","https://openalex.org/W3176925899","https://openalex.org/W3179017016","https://openalex.org/W3217739994","https://openalex.org/W3217758095","https://openalex.org/W4240075322","https://openalex.org/W4283077416","https://openalex.org/W4292622408","https://openalex.org/W4296127673","https://openalex.org/W6652544158"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126136541","https://openalex.org/W2896789315","https://openalex.org/W2941835033","https://openalex.org/W4213416983","https://openalex.org/W3040270278","https://openalex.org/W2019281257","https://openalex.org/W3196990708","https://openalex.org/W2165583849","https://openalex.org/W2998338862","https://openalex.org/W2333398491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"calculation":[1],"of":[2,7,13,35,40,56,99,113,125,137,146],"the":[3,11,44,54,57,91,96,100,111,114,122,135,143,158],"whitecap":[4,28,58,68,101,115,159],"fraction":[5,29,69,102,160],"is":[6,77],"great":[8],"importance":[9,136],"for":[10,121],"estimation":[12],"air-sea":[14],"momentum":[15],"flux,":[16],"heat":[17],"flux":[18,22],"and":[19,79,89,106,141],"sea-salt":[20,126],"aerosol":[21,127],"in":[23,157],"Earth":[24],"system":[25],"models.":[26],"Past":[27],"parameterizations":[30],"were":[31],"mostly":[32],"power":[33],"functions":[34],"wind":[36,46],"speed,":[37],"lacking":[38],"consideration":[39],"other":[41],"factors,":[42],"while":[43],"single":[45],"speed":[47],"dependence":[48],"makes":[49],"it":[50,107],"difficult":[51],"to":[52],"explain":[53],"variability":[55,112],"fraction.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"work,":[62],"we":[63,133],"constructed":[64],"a":[65,72,83,119,130],"novel":[66],"multivariate":[67],"parameterization":[70,86,93],"using":[71],"deep":[73],"neural":[74],"network,":[75],"which":[76,117],"diagnosed":[78],"interpreted.":[80],"Compared":[81],"with":[82],"recent":[84],"developed":[85],"by":[87,103],"Albert":[88],"coworkers,":[90],"new":[92],"can":[94,108],"reduce":[95],"computational":[97],"error":[98],"about":[104],"15%,":[105],"better":[109],"characterize":[110],"fraction,":[116],"provides":[118],"reference":[120],"uncertainty":[123],"study":[124],"estimation.":[128],"Through":[129],"permutation":[131],"test,":[132],"ranked":[134],"different":[138],"input":[139],"variables":[140,147],"revealed":[142],"indispensable":[144],"role":[145],"such":[148],"as":[149],"significant":[150],"wave":[151],"height,":[152],"sea":[153],"surface":[154],"temperature,":[155],"etc.,":[156],"parameterization.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
