{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313472525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202","title":"Mapping Tunneling-Induced Uneven Ground Subsidence Using Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry: A Twin-Tunnel Case Study of Downtown Los Angeles, USA","display_name":"Mapping Tunneling-Induced Uneven Ground Subsidence Using Sentinel-1 SAR Interferometry: A Twin-Tunnel Case Study of Downtown Los Angeles, USA","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313472525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/202/pdf?version=1672891161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/202/pdf?version=1672891161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012070999","display_name":"Linan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2944-0889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology & Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology & Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101452490","display_name":"Wendy Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8226-375X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wendy Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology & Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology & Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062007597","display_name":"Marte Gutierrez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5070-8726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167576493","display_name":"Colorado School of Mines","ror":"https://ror.org/04raf6v53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marte Gutierrez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101452490"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167576493"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":8.6044,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97015076,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"202","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.71293044090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subsidence","display_name":"Subsidence","score":0.517386794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alluvium","display_name":"Alluvium","score":0.47509896755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bedrock","display_name":"Bedrock","score":0.46227961778640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overburden","display_name":"Overburden","score":0.4473053812980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settlement","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","score":0.4234515130519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.4104350209236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.40991613268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.3311060070991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.308632493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-basin","display_name":"Structural basin","score":0.1035487949848175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.71293044090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180851071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849953","display_name":"Subsidence","level":3,"score":0.517386794090271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69823785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6185405","display_name":"Alluvium","level":2,"score":0.47509896755218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137527640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570309","display_name":"Bedrock","level":2,"score":0.46227961778640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777201227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331224","display_name":"Overburden","level":2,"score":0.4473053812980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.4234515130519867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.4104350209236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.40991613268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.3311060070991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.308632493019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.1035487949848175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/202/pdf?version=1672891161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86d373e41912455b99d754ee6be964ca","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86d373e41912455b99d754ee6be964ca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 202 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/1/202/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 1; Pages: 202","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010202","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010202","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/202/pdf?version=1672891161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8299999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8226274429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"69A3551747118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306108","display_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/02xfw2e90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313472525.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582368520","https://openalex.org/W1970537732","https://openalex.org/W2024375163","https://openalex.org/W2041239366","https://openalex.org/W2047029664","https://openalex.org/W2077208327","https://openalex.org/W2115232070","https://openalex.org/W2131434734","https://openalex.org/W2139853928","https://openalex.org/W2166166955","https://openalex.org/W2204693006","https://openalex.org/W2743377524","https://openalex.org/W2757641669","https://openalex.org/W2790531590","https://openalex.org/W2890450256","https://openalex.org/W2905007957","https://openalex.org/W2911302579","https://openalex.org/W2922265002","https://openalex.org/W2948221728","https://openalex.org/W2965151938","https://openalex.org/W2966301969","https://openalex.org/W2993346055","https://openalex.org/W3040755144","https://openalex.org/W3082128161","https://openalex.org/W3119576082","https://openalex.org/W3125240731","https://openalex.org/W3154313692","https://openalex.org/W3160426019","https://openalex.org/W3161106602","https://openalex.org/W3164113017","https://openalex.org/W3165388698","https://openalex.org/W3176024899","https://openalex.org/W3215647825","https://openalex.org/W3217312573","https://openalex.org/W4200585573","https://openalex.org/W4213277427","https://openalex.org/W4242791010","https://openalex.org/W4309195345","https://openalex.org/W4384557471","https://openalex.org/W6794798730","https://openalex.org/W6797535607","https://openalex.org/W6808468067","https://openalex.org/W6846699880"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201583299","https://openalex.org/W2094402197","https://openalex.org/W4214874423","https://openalex.org/W844859440","https://openalex.org/W2350841368","https://openalex.org/W1514971716","https://openalex.org/W2978785466","https://openalex.org/W2324695040","https://openalex.org/W2144925336","https://openalex.org/W141953733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0,24],"Aperture":[1,25],"Radar":[2,26],"(SAR)":[3],"interferometry":[4],"is":[5,46,80,90,162,250],"a":[6,14,35,67,165],"formidable":[7],"technique":[8,28,45],"to":[9,29,34,116,133,168,184,214,222,263,274],"monitor":[10],"surface":[11],"deformation":[12,85,98],"with":[13,71,173,308],"millimeter":[15],"detection":[16],"resolution.":[17],"This":[18],"study":[19,89,167],"applies":[20],"the":[21,121,127,174,186,193,202,205,208,212,215,220,223,230,238,247,251,257,264,272,275,278,289],"Persistent":[22],"Scatter-Interferometric":[23],"(PSInSARTM)":[27],"measure":[30],"ground":[31,78,139,151,178,297],"subsidence":[32],"related":[33],"twin-tunnel":[36],"excavation":[37],"in":[38,60,87,306],"downtown":[39,61],"Los":[40,62],"Angeles,":[41],"USA.":[42],"The":[43,57,83],"PSInSARTM":[44],"suitable":[47],"for":[48,164],"urban":[49,52],"settings":[50],"because":[51],"areas":[53,307],"have":[54],"strong":[55],"reflectors.":[56],"twin":[58],"tunnels":[59],"Angeles":[63],"were":[64,136],"excavated":[65],"beneath":[66],"densely":[68],"urbanized":[69],"area":[70],"variable":[72],"overburden":[73,190,235],"depths.":[74],"In":[75,287],"practice,":[76],"tunneling-induced":[77],"settlement":[79],"dominantly":[81],"vertical.":[82],"vertical":[84],"rate":[86],"this":[88],"derived":[91],"by":[92,256],"combining":[93],"Line":[94],"of":[95,195,229,240,294],"Sight":[96],"(LOS)":[97],"velocities":[99],"obtained":[100],"from":[101,104],"SAR":[102],"images":[103],"both":[105],"ascending":[106],"and":[107,112,198,225,243,267,277,303,312,318],"descending":[108],"satellite":[109],"orbits.":[110],"Local":[111],"uneven":[113,177],"settlements":[114,152],"up":[115],"approximately":[117],"12":[118],"mm/year":[119],"along":[120],"tunnel":[122,145,203,210,216,248,260,265,316],"alignment":[123],"are":[124,182,300],"observed":[125],"within":[126],"allowable":[128],"threshold.":[129],"No":[130],"severe":[131],"damages":[132],"aboveground":[134],"structures":[135],"reported.":[137],"Furthermore,":[138],"movements":[140],"mapped":[141],"one":[142],"year":[143],"before":[144],"construction":[146],"indicate":[147,233],"that":[148,234],"no":[149],"concentrated":[150,305],"pre-existed.":[153],"A":[154],"Machine":[155],"Learning":[156],"(ML)-based":[157],"permutation":[158],"feature":[159],"importance":[160],"method":[161],"used":[163],"parametric":[166,187,231],"identify":[169],"dominant":[170,252],"factors":[171],"associated":[172],"twin-tunneling":[175],"induced":[176],"subsidence.":[179],"Six":[180],"parameters":[181],"selected":[183],"conduct":[185],"study,":[188],"including":[189],"thickness,":[191,236],"i.e.,":[192,237],"thickness":[194,239],"artificial":[196,241,310],"fill":[197,242,311],"alluvium":[199,244,313],"soils":[200,245],"above":[201,246],"springline,":[204,217,249,266],"distance":[206,221,258,273],"between":[207,259],"two":[209],"centerlines,":[211,261],"depth":[213,262],"building":[218,268],"height,":[219],"tunnel,":[224,276],"groundwater":[226,279,320],"level.":[227],"Results":[228],"analysis":[232],"contributing":[253],"factor,":[254],"followed":[255],"height.":[269],"Two":[270],"parameters,":[271],"level,":[280],"play":[281],"lesser":[282],"essential":[283],"roles":[284],"than":[285],"others.":[286],"addition,":[288],"geological":[290],"profile":[291],"provides":[292],"comprehension":[293],"unevenly":[295],"distributed":[296],"settlements,":[298],"which":[299],"geologically":[301],"sensitive":[302],"more":[304],"thick":[309],"soils,":[314],"low":[315],"depth,":[317],"high":[319],"levels.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}