{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313244841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106","title":"Mapping and Predicting Land Cover Changes of Small and Medium Size Cities in Alabama Using Machine Learning Techniques","display_name":"Mapping and Predicting Land Cover Changes of Small and Medium Size Cities in Alabama Using Machine Learning Techniques","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313244841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/106/pdf?version=1672878100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/106/pdf?version=1672878100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015357847","display_name":"Megha Shrestha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megha Shrestha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103680972","display_name":"Chandana Mitra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chandana Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024364878","display_name":"Mahjabin Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahjabin Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037071272","display_name":"Luke Marzen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-3672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82497590","display_name":"Auburn University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v80fc35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luke Marzen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103680972"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82497590"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.3346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79586124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"106","last_page":"106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.9678999781608582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-expansion","display_name":"Urban expansion","score":0.5708187818527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-disaster","display_name":"Natural disaster","score":0.5598828196525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-growth","display_name":"Population growth","score":0.5591760277748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.537757396697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5264335870742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-automaton","display_name":"Cellular automaton","score":0.5189849734306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.4402645528316498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/megacity","display_name":"Megacity","score":0.4145333468914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3918454051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2535392642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.18238070607185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.1564851999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.14427945017814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economy","display_name":"Economy","score":0.14275741577148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12577807903289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12339788675308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10682883858680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09069952368736267}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984674859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192042","display_name":"Urban expansion","level":3,"score":0.5708187818527222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166566181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8065","display_name":"Natural disaster","level":2,"score":0.5598828196525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77352025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386191","display_name":"Population growth","level":3,"score":0.5591760277748108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.537757396697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5264335870742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35527583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189156","display_name":"Cellular automaton","level":2,"score":0.5189849734306335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4402645528316498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127040729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174844","display_name":"Megacity","level":2,"score":0.4145333468914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3918454051017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2535392642021179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.18238070607185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.1564851999282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.14427945017814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.14275741577148438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12577807903289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12339788675308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10682883858680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09069952368736267}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/106/pdf?version=1672878100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e6e86a9de3a947c38229aada6fd30cc1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e6e86a9de3a947c38229aada6fd30cc1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 106 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/15/1/106/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 15; Issue 1; Pages: 106","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs15010106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15010106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/1/106/pdf?version=1672878100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313244841.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313244841.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1824683756","https://openalex.org/W1983406956","https://openalex.org/W1986496156","https://openalex.org/W1987044199","https://openalex.org/W1990179486","https://openalex.org/W2019452249","https://openalex.org/W2026736178","https://openalex.org/W2029294727","https://openalex.org/W2036632898","https://openalex.org/W2039356283","https://openalex.org/W2042967898","https://openalex.org/W2043009944","https://openalex.org/W2044609898","https://openalex.org/W2051512952","https://openalex.org/W2060041035","https://openalex.org/W2065313484","https://openalex.org/W2066363435","https://openalex.org/W2066390752","https://openalex.org/W2074420136","https://openalex.org/W2075144732","https://openalex.org/W2077509829","https://openalex.org/W2085778674","https://openalex.org/W2094153102","https://openalex.org/W2101678239","https://openalex.org/W2103516027","https://openalex.org/W2132827997","https://openalex.org/W2152881008","https://openalex.org/W2153989276","https://openalex.org/W2165320196","https://openalex.org/W2221544163","https://openalex.org/W2591853304","https://openalex.org/W2593007382","https://openalex.org/W2793327769","https://openalex.org/W2811511299","https://openalex.org/W2884260323","https://openalex.org/W2893744532","https://openalex.org/W2984006948","https://openalex.org/W2997112584","https://openalex.org/W3005001892","https://openalex.org/W3026633649","https://openalex.org/W3039489895","https://openalex.org/W3045585619","https://openalex.org/W3047107171","https://openalex.org/W3097588392","https://openalex.org/W3106378566","https://openalex.org/W3112206619","https://openalex.org/W3114653318","https://openalex.org/W3147347244","https://openalex.org/W4200221593","https://openalex.org/W4224310009","https://openalex.org/W4299823775","https://openalex.org/W6675266508","https://openalex.org/W6679556001","https://openalex.org/W6738255080","https://openalex.org/W6769244007","https://openalex.org/W6787362594"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183778700","https://openalex.org/W4241022952","https://openalex.org/W2101561563","https://openalex.org/W3037847824","https://openalex.org/W2087279456","https://openalex.org/W2946215271","https://openalex.org/W2804447763","https://openalex.org/W4224438915","https://openalex.org/W2033176844","https://openalex.org/W4290033930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7,12,22,94,100,111,128,185],"southeastern":[2],"US,":[3],"Atlanta":[4],"is":[5],"always":[6],"focus":[8,57],"of":[9,15,82,181,187],"attention,":[10],"despite":[11],"rapid":[13],"expansion":[14,125,175],"small":[16],"and":[17,42,47,79,108,120,173,190],"medium-sized":[18],"cities":[19,26,86,154,172],"(SMSCs)":[20],"in":[21,31,51,61,74,102,115,134,158,193],"region.":[23],"Clearly,":[24],"larger":[25],"have":[27,67],"more":[28,32],"people,":[29],"resulting":[30],"loss":[33,92],"during":[34,93],"disasters.":[35],"However,":[36],"SMSCs":[37,60,194],"also":[38],"face":[39],"natural":[40,197],"calamities":[41],"must":[43],"be":[44],"made":[45],"robust":[46],"sustainable.":[48],"Keeping":[49],"this":[50,53,182],"mind,":[52],"study":[54],"chooses":[55],"to":[56,150,161],"on":[58],"ten":[59],"Alabama":[62],"(Population":[63,87],"&gt;":[64,88],"40,000)":[65],"which":[66,83,90],"encountered":[68],"at":[69],"least":[70],"a":[71],"6%":[72],"increase":[73],"population":[75,162],"size":[76,159],"between":[77,106],"1990":[78,107,149],"2020,":[80,151],"out":[81],"two":[84],"large":[85],"180,000)":[89],"experienced":[91],"same":[95],"time.":[96],"This":[97],"paper":[98],"examines":[99],"change":[101],"urban":[103,124,143,174],"built-up":[104,144],"area":[105],"2020":[109],"using":[110,127],"random":[112],"forest":[113],"algorithm":[114],"Google":[116],"Earth":[117],"Engine":[118],"(GEE)":[119],"estimates":[121],"future":[122,165,196],"2050":[123],"scenarios":[126],"Cellular":[129],"Automata":[130],"(CA)":[131],"Markov":[132],"model":[133,167],"TerrSet\u2019s":[135],"Land":[136],"Change":[137],"Modeler":[138],"(LCM).":[139],"The":[140,164,179],"results":[141],"revealed":[142],"areas":[145],"grew":[146],"rapidly":[147],"from":[148],"with":[152],"some":[153],"doubling":[155],"or":[156],"tripling":[157],"due":[160],"growth.":[163],"growth":[166,169],"predicted":[168],"for":[170,195],"most":[171],"along":[176],"transportation":[177],"networks.":[178],"outcome":[180],"research":[183],"showcases":[184],"importance":[186],"proper":[188],"planning":[189],"building":[191],"sustainably":[192],"disaster":[198],"events.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
