{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313281837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350","title":"Analysis of Permafrost Distribution and Change in the Mid-East Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau during 2012\u20132021 Using the New TLZ Model","display_name":"Analysis of Permafrost Distribution and Change in the Mid-East Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau during 2012\u20132021 Using the New TLZ Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313281837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6350/pdf?version=1671098330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6350/pdf?version=1671098330","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053184529","display_name":"Zhijian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4764-2943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6178835","display_name":"Ibaraki University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sjd5653","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6178835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Ibaraki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6178835","https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051758340","display_name":"Hideyuki Tonooka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-5955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6178835","display_name":"Ibaraki University","ror":"https://ror.org/00sjd5653","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6178835"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hideyuki Tonooka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Ibaraki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Ibaraki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6178835","https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051758340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6178835","https://openalex.org/I65143321"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.2721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56337088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"24","first_page":"6350","last_page":"6350"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permafrost","display_name":"Permafrost","score":0.9735372066497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-layer","display_name":"Active layer","score":0.7253718972206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6880655288696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plateau","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","score":0.6269861459732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.52276611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-warming","display_name":"Global warming","score":0.4733995199203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.4590723514556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","score":0.4329950213432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitation","display_name":"Precipitation","score":0.42844846844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.3718471825122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.35261380672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.33495986461639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3005288243293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.19254881143569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10550755262374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.10307261347770691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15098985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918","display_name":"Permafrost","level":2,"score":0.9735372066497803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776026197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201890","display_name":"Active layer","level":4,"score":0.7253718972206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6880655288696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780030769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4968575","display_name":"Plateau (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6269861459732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.52276611328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115343472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Global warming","level":3,"score":0.4733995199203491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.4590723514556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.4329950213432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.42844846844673157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3718471825122833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.35261380672454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.33495986461639404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3005288243293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.19254881143569946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10550755262374878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.10307261347770691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87359718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1271916","display_name":"Thin-film transistor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6350/pdf?version=1671098330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7a64d1cc0c1487383e2a4369f0880bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7a64d1cc0c1487383e2a4369f0880bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 24, p 6350 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/24/6350/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 24; Pages: 6350","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246350","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246350","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6350/pdf?version=1671098330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313281837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4313281837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150302184","https://openalex.org/W1526406783","https://openalex.org/W1773127980","https://openalex.org/W1966590364","https://openalex.org/W1970423582","https://openalex.org/W1970549237","https://openalex.org/W1975014117","https://openalex.org/W1980590347","https://openalex.org/W1981028777","https://openalex.org/W1981526408","https://openalex.org/W1981711737","https://openalex.org/W1994296880","https://openalex.org/W1995814302","https://openalex.org/W2008480759","https://openalex.org/W2011216226","https://openalex.org/W2016094676","https://openalex.org/W2021590014","https://openalex.org/W2030342673","https://openalex.org/W2032459157","https://openalex.org/W2054440837","https://openalex.org/W2072806535","https://openalex.org/W2075794274","https://openalex.org/W2076271908","https://openalex.org/W2076321840","https://openalex.org/W2082888108","https://openalex.org/W2091515622","https://openalex.org/W2094242026","https://openalex.org/W2129594740","https://openalex.org/W2132298983","https://openalex.org/W2157645981","https://openalex.org/W2159555251","https://openalex.org/W2163819245","https://openalex.org/W2425845278","https://openalex.org/W2432405417","https://openalex.org/W2534439660","https://openalex.org/W2565203678","https://openalex.org/W2605334580","https://openalex.org/W2751261270","https://openalex.org/W2765241381","https://openalex.org/W2766039791","https://openalex.org/W2766337505","https://openalex.org/W2773426184","https://openalex.org/W2802034263","https://openalex.org/W2899555154","https://openalex.org/W2942435959","https://openalex.org/W2967350082","https://openalex.org/W2969677287","https://openalex.org/W3001001561","https://openalex.org/W3007068437","https://openalex.org/W3008384792","https://openalex.org/W3012806629","https://openalex.org/W3024987409","https://openalex.org/W3042934645","https://openalex.org/W3044673747","https://openalex.org/W3091622621","https://openalex.org/W3109061430","https://openalex.org/W3122585005","https://openalex.org/W3149821648","https://openalex.org/W3158248111","https://openalex.org/W3160618725","https://openalex.org/W3197468152","https://openalex.org/W3208260154","https://openalex.org/W4220910026","https://openalex.org/W4229050049","https://openalex.org/W4251391067","https://openalex.org/W4280589324","https://openalex.org/W4281863136","https://openalex.org/W4296194165","https://openalex.org/W6633433791","https://openalex.org/W6645715215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058961826","https://openalex.org/W1966902024","https://openalex.org/W2355716068","https://openalex.org/W2364233598","https://openalex.org/W2008205066","https://openalex.org/W2978243538","https://openalex.org/W2741344349","https://openalex.org/W2765270907","https://openalex.org/W212868081","https://openalex.org/W2791434249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109,174],"monitoring":[1],"of":[2,10,34,40,88,92,100,128,150,161,170,208,247,260],"permafrost":[3,65,101,183,209,277],"is":[4,23,82,103,112,214,272],"important":[5],"for":[6,27,125,147],"assessing":[7],"the":[8,32,35,71,77,85,89,95,98,106,126,136,151,157,162,179,205,225,239,258,261,269],"effects":[9],"global":[11,220],"environmental":[12],"changes":[13],"and":[14,16,20,43,94,154,182,195],"maintaining":[15],"managing":[17],"social":[18],"infrastructure,":[19],"remote":[21],"sensing":[22],"increasingly":[24],"being":[25],"used":[26,83,104],"this":[28,56,75,211],"wide-area":[29],"monitoring.":[30],"However,":[31],"accuracy":[33,69],"conventional":[36,72],"method":[37],"in":[38,55,210,279],"terms":[39],"temperature":[41,80,87,96,229,235],"factor":[42,45],"soil":[44,129],"needs":[46],"to":[47,63,123,134,143,155,178,203,216,274],"be":[48,217],"improved.":[49],"To":[50],"address":[51],"these":[52],"two":[53],"issues,":[54],"study,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"a":[60,67,116,166,198],"new":[61],"model":[62,175,231,271],"evaluate":[64,156],"with":[66,224],"higher":[68],"than":[70],"methods.":[73],"In":[74],"model,":[76,132,140],"land":[78],"surface":[79],"(LST)":[81],"as":[84,105,135,193],"upper":[86],"active":[90,152],"layer":[91,149],"permafrost,":[93],"at":[97,250],"top":[99],"(TTOP)":[102],"lower":[107],"temperature.":[108],"TTOP":[110],"value":[111,246],"then":[113],"calculated":[114],"by":[115,219],"modified":[117],"equation":[118],"using":[119,232],"precipitation\u2013evapotranspiration":[120],"(PE)":[121],"factors":[122],"account":[124],"effect":[127,164],"moisture.":[130],"This":[131],"referred":[133],"TTOP-LST":[137],"zero-curtain":[138,163],"(TLZ)":[139],"allows":[141],"us":[142],"analyze":[144],"subsurface":[145,172,234,248],"temperatures":[146,249],"each":[148],"layer,":[153],"presence":[158],"or":[159],"absence":[160],"through":[165],"time":[167],"series":[168],"analysis":[169,266,278],"stratified":[171],"temperatures.":[173],"was":[176,184,201,253],"applied":[177],"Qinghai\u2013Tibetan":[180],"Plateau":[181],"classified":[185],"into":[186],"seven":[187],"classes":[188],"based":[189,267],"on":[190,268],"aspects":[191],"such":[192],"stability":[194],"seasonality.":[196],"As":[197],"result,":[199],"it":[200],"possible":[202],"map":[204],"recent":[206],"deterioration":[207],"region,":[212],"which":[213],"thought":[215],"caused":[218],"warming.":[221],"A":[222,264],"comparison":[223],"mean":[226,242],"annual":[227],"ground":[228],"(MAGT)":[230],"local":[233],"data":[236],"showed":[237],"that":[238],"average":[240],"root":[241],"square":[243],"error":[244],"(RMSE)":[245],"different":[251],"depths":[252],"0.19":[254],"degrees":[255],"C,":[256],"indicating":[257],"validity":[259],"TLZ":[262,270],"model.":[263],"similar":[265],"expected":[273],"enable":[275],"detailed":[276],"other":[280],"areas.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-16T09:10:04.655348","created_date":"2023-01-06T00:00:00"}