{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311398917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329","title":"OrtDet: An Orientation Robust Detector via Transformer for Object Detection in Aerial Images","display_name":"OrtDet: An Orientation Robust Detector via Transformer for Object Detection in Aerial Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311398917","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6329/pdf?version=1671013178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6329/pdf?version=1671013178","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008945926","display_name":"Ling Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-1113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004355471","display_name":"Tianhua Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2040-7267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianhua Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102656586","display_name":"Shuchun Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuchun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070131811","display_name":"Haozhe Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1675-2170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoze Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002710782","display_name":"Ji Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7948-579X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102656586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":4.4615,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94644501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"24","first_page":"6329","last_page":"6329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6531822085380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6349764466285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.5771090388298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5591104626655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5375207662582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49834370613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4838823080062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4610002040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.451474130153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euler-angles","display_name":"Euler angles","score":0.4274805188179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivariant-map","display_name":"Equivariant map","score":0.41365525126457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2683914601802826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.14426866173744202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6531822085380554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6349764466285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.5771090388298035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5591104626655579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5375207662582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49834370613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4838823080062866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4610002040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.451474130153656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146160929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q751290","display_name":"Euler angles","level":2,"score":0.4274805188179016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171036898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256355","display_name":"Equivariant map","level":2,"score":0.41365525126457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2683914601802826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.14426866173744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6329/pdf?version=1671013178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70a09e0f08054638a1e4b0b613553bbd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70a09e0f08054638a1e4b0b613553bbd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 24, p 6329 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/24/6329/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 24; Pages: 6329","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246329","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6329/pdf?version=1671013178","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2059073431","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QJCZ006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3956570418","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30818","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5124619908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30818","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7074659273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311398917.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311398917.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2308318555","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2576915720","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2594177559","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2855340099","https://openalex.org/W2888527098","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2899594603","https://openalex.org/W2953303055","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2991363140","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W2997591099","https://openalex.org/W2997746169","https://openalex.org/W3092088889","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3099319035","https://openalex.org/W3103294617","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3107075539","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3141404903","https://openalex.org/W3170033848","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W3201633653","https://openalex.org/W3203974803","https://openalex.org/W3207506706","https://openalex.org/W3207542910","https://openalex.org/W3217153199","https://openalex.org/W4200547174","https://openalex.org/W4212814976","https://openalex.org/W4213200979","https://openalex.org/W4214829911","https://openalex.org/W4221044012","https://openalex.org/W4312446817","https://openalex.org/W6618372016","https://openalex.org/W6694954494","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6758998429","https://openalex.org/W6766860876","https://openalex.org/W6769516661","https://openalex.org/W6770941392","https://openalex.org/W6772762544","https://openalex.org/W6782137339","https://openalex.org/W6789876220","https://openalex.org/W6792959765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2954075715","https://openalex.org/W4229020331","https://openalex.org/W2076146791","https://openalex.org/W4321784794","https://openalex.org/W1842851724","https://openalex.org/W2089591778","https://openalex.org/W2030474958","https://openalex.org/W1622228775","https://openalex.org/W4289490918","https://openalex.org/W2140793785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"detection":[1,233],"of":[2,21,33,92,99,102,122,146,152,161,168,186],"arbitrarily":[3],"rotated":[4],"objects":[5,34],"in":[6,164],"aerial":[7],"images":[8],"is":[9,197],"challenging":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,29,55,61,83,119,174,199],"the":[13,18,30,36,42,68,81,90,97,103,123,129,150,157,162,169,176,184,187,192,202,212,223],"highly":[14],"complex":[15],"backgrounds":[16],"and":[17,105,215,228,230,238],"multiple":[19],"angles":[20],"objects.":[22,147],"Existing":[23],"detectors":[24],"are":[25],"not":[26,39],"robust":[27],"relative":[28,107,158],"varying":[31],"angle":[32,153],"because":[35],"CNNs":[37],"do":[38],"explicitly":[40],"model":[41],"orientation\u2019s":[43],"variation.":[44],"In":[45,125],"this":[46,57],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,75,127,155],"propose":[49],"an":[50],"Orientation":[51],"Robust":[52],"Detector":[53],"(OrtDet)":[54],"solve":[56],"problem,":[58],"which":[59,135],"aims":[60],"learn":[62,112],"features":[63,98,113],"that":[64,114,219],"change":[65],"accordingly":[66],"with":[67],"object\u2019s":[69],"rotation":[70,194],"(i.e.,":[71],"rotation-equivariant":[72,208],"features).":[73],"Specifically,":[74],"introduce":[76],"a":[77,116,137,189,207],"vision":[78],"transformer":[79],"as":[80],"backbone":[82],"capture":[84],"its":[85],"remote":[86],"contextual":[87],"associations":[88],"via":[89],"degree":[91],"feature":[93,139],"similarities.":[94],"By":[95],"capturing":[96],"each":[100,165],"part":[101],"object":[104],"their":[106],"spatial":[108],"distribution,":[109],"OrtDet":[110],"can":[111],"have":[115],"complete":[117],"response":[118],"any":[120],"direction":[121],"object.":[124],"addition,":[126],"use":[128],"tokens":[130],"concatenation":[131],"layer":[132],"(TCL)":[133],"strategy,":[134],"generates":[136],"pyramidal":[138],"hierarchy":[140],"for":[141,206],"addressing":[142],"vastly":[143],"different":[144],"scales":[145],"To":[148,181],"avoid":[149],"confusion":[151],"regression,":[154],"predict":[156],"gliding":[159],"offsets":[160],"vertices":[163],"corresponding":[166],"side":[167],"horizontal":[170],"bounding":[171,178],"boxes":[172,179],"(HBBs)":[173],"represent":[175],"oriented":[177],"(OBBs).":[180],"intuitively":[182],"reflect":[183],"robustness":[185],"detector,":[188],"new":[190],"metric,":[191],"mean":[193],"precision":[195],"(mRP),":[196],"proposed":[198],"quantitatively":[200],"measure":[201],"model\u2019s":[203],"learning":[204],"ability":[205],"feature.":[209],"Experiments":[210],"on":[211],"DOTA-v1.0,":[213],"DOTA-v1.5,":[214],"HRSC2016":[216],"datasets":[217],"show":[218],"our":[220],"method":[221],"improves":[222],"mAP":[224],"by":[225,235],"0.5,":[226],"1.1,":[227],"2.2":[229],"reduces":[231],"mRP":[232],"fluctuations":[234],"0.74,":[236],"0.56,":[237],"0.52,":[239],"respectively.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
