{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312127476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263","title":"Spatio-Temporal Variability of Wind Energy in the Caspian Sea: An Ecosystem Service Modeling Approach","display_name":"Spatio-Temporal Variability of Wind Energy in the Caspian Sea: An Ecosystem Service Modeling Approach","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312127476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6263/pdf?version=1671456782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6263/pdf?version=1671456782","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060125519","display_name":"Milad Rahimi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milad Rahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011709444","display_name":"Mehdi Gholamalifard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9172-9507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Gholamalifard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000423046","display_name":"Akbar Rashidi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akbar Rashidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Physics, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031172983","display_name":"Bonyad Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4847-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bonyad Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Marine Sciences (FNRMS), Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Noor 46414 356, Mazandaran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028476990","display_name":"Andrey G. Kostianoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7441-5055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097937","display_name":"Moscow Witte University","ror":"https://ror.org/0119zea93","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097937"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205220096","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology. PP Shirshov Russian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00n1e1p60","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I205220096","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrey G. Kostianoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Integrated Research of Water Resources, S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Second Kozhukhovsky pr. 12, Build. 1, 115432 Moscow, Russia","P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky pr. 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Integrated Research of Water Resources, S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Second Kozhukhovsky pr. 12, Build. 1, 115432 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nakhimovsky pr. 36, 117997 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205220096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102800160","display_name":"Aleksandr V. Semenov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-3591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097937","display_name":"Moscow Witte University","ror":"https://ror.org/0119zea93","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097937"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksander V. Semenov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Integrated Research of Water Resources, S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Second Kozhukhovsky pr. 12, Build. 1, 115432 Moscow, Russia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Integrated Research of Water Resources, S.Yu. Witte Moscow University, Second Kozhukhovsky pr. 12, Build. 1, 115432 Moscow, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097937"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011709444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7602,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83471315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"24","first_page":"6263","last_page":"6263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14047","display_name":"Marine and environmental studies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14047","display_name":"Marine and environmental studies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13785","display_name":"Aquatic and Environmental Studies","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6879863142967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.5833964347839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-power","display_name":"Offshore wind power","score":0.5707414150238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.5318847298622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5086110830307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.4709376394748688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.4319826662540436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-ecosystem","display_name":"Marine ecosystem","score":0.4251709580421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.42363452911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3274519443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2621058225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.11215519905090332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6879863142967224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.5833964347839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8735168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61637704","display_name":"Offshore wind power","level":3,"score":0.5707414150238037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.5318847298622131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5086110830307007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4709376394748688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.4319826662540436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151152651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304561","display_name":"Marine ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.4251709580421448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.42363452911376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3274519443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2621058225631714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.11215519905090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6263/pdf?version=1671456782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a92e9a4384843549d8b5fe814dd370a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a92e9a4384843549d8b5fe814dd370a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 24, p 6263 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/24/6263/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 24; Pages: 6263","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6263/pdf?version=1671456782","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312127476.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4312127476.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558369455","https://openalex.org/W1568621370","https://openalex.org/W1658049058","https://openalex.org/W1892641965","https://openalex.org/W1941551138","https://openalex.org/W1972939892","https://openalex.org/W1986389887","https://openalex.org/W1991538680","https://openalex.org/W1996867411","https://openalex.org/W1998161309","https://openalex.org/W1998672188","https://openalex.org/W2002942427","https://openalex.org/W2007952263","https://openalex.org/W2022394045","https://openalex.org/W2030495428","https://openalex.org/W2045533706","https://openalex.org/W2063562206","https://openalex.org/W2086739228","https://openalex.org/W2091674369","https://openalex.org/W2096147652","https://openalex.org/W2103059906","https://openalex.org/W2121270069","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2136686018","https://openalex.org/W2162234237","https://openalex.org/W2184726417","https://openalex.org/W2257486310","https://openalex.org/W2272246894","https://openalex.org/W2554645383","https://openalex.org/W2589694017","https://openalex.org/W2622228160","https://openalex.org/W2793688347","https://openalex.org/W2942271057","https://openalex.org/W2981272965","https://openalex.org/W2997191172","https://openalex.org/W3013633965","https://openalex.org/W3082374910","https://openalex.org/W3112572890","https://openalex.org/W3127161199","https://openalex.org/W3197196260","https://openalex.org/W4226033543","https://openalex.org/W4231928726","https://openalex.org/W4234619459","https://openalex.org/W4310072851","https://openalex.org/W4318831894","https://openalex.org/W6636957837","https://openalex.org/W6694627455","https://openalex.org/W6733409854","https://openalex.org/W6847402096","https://openalex.org/W6849011722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2767361142","https://openalex.org/W1598375762","https://openalex.org/W962960785","https://openalex.org/W4360902749","https://openalex.org/W3093855182","https://openalex.org/W2340591813","https://openalex.org/W2888883444","https://openalex.org/W2273599109","https://openalex.org/W154560331","https://openalex.org/W2071739552"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,24,132,177,199],"ecosystem":[1,32],"services":[2],"that":[3,33],"can":[4],"be":[5,192],"obtained":[6],"from":[7,113,120],"the":[8,17,54,61,75,83,104,109,114,148,152,157,186,204],"oceans":[9],"and":[10,41,44,50,90,127,214],"seas":[11],"are":[12,212],"very":[13],"diverse;":[14],"one":[15],"of":[16,19,66,71,108,140,156,174,181],"sources":[18],"energy":[20,97,107,210],"is":[21,27,34,183],"wind":[22,96,106,137,166,209],"power.":[23],"Caspian":[25,62,84,110,149,158,200],"Sea":[26,63,85,159,201],"characterized":[28],"by":[29,195],"a":[30,69,80,136,162,170],"fragile":[31],"under":[35],"serious":[36],"anthropogenic":[37],"stress,":[38],"including":[39],"oil":[40,49],"gas":[42,51],"production":[43,98,211],"transportation.":[45],"In":[46,100],"particular,":[47],"rich":[48],"resources":[52],"in":[53,82,165,185],"region":[55],"make":[56,93],"renewables":[57],"less":[58],"important":[59],"for":[60,147,207],"Region.":[64],"Depletion":[65],"hydrocarbon":[67],"resources,":[68],"rise":[70],"their":[72],"price":[73],"on":[74],"international":[76],"markets,":[77],"geopolitical":[78],"tensions,":[79],"decrease":[81],"level,":[86],"regional":[87,196],"climate":[88,197],"change,":[89],"other":[91],"factors":[92],"exploring":[94],"offshore":[95,105,208],"timely.":[99],"order":[101],"to":[102,122,191],"model":[103],"Sea,":[111],"data":[112],"ERA-Interim":[115],"atmospheric":[116],"reanalysis":[117],"were":[118],"used":[119],"1980":[121],"2015":[123],"combined":[124],"with":[125,169,203],"QuikSCAT":[126],"RapidSCAT":[128],"remote":[129],"sensing":[130],"data.":[131],"modeling":[133],"results":[134],"showed":[135],"power":[138,167],"density":[139],"173":[141],"W/m2":[142],"as":[143],"an":[144],"average":[145],"value":[146],"Sea.":[150],"For":[151],"1980\u20132015":[153],"period,":[154],"57%":[155],"area":[160],"shows":[161],"decreasing":[163],"trend":[164],"density,":[168],"total":[171],"insignificant":[172],"drop":[173],"16.85":[175],"W/m2.":[176],"highest":[178,205],"negative":[179],"rate":[180],"change":[182],"observed":[184],"Northern":[187],"Caspian,":[188],"which":[189],"seems":[190],"more":[193],"influenced":[194],"change.":[198],"regions":[202],"potential":[206],"identified":[213],"discussed.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
