{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311970758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220","title":"Intelligent Radar Jamming Recognition in Open Set Environment Based on Deep Learning Networks","display_name":"Intelligent Radar Jamming Recognition in Open Set Environment Based on Deep Learning Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311970758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6220/pdf?version=1670567274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6220/pdf?version=1670567274","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016175345","display_name":"Yu Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4188-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101681757","display_name":"Song Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6221-9925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045971968","display_name":"Song Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3069-4376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409619","display_name":"Shiyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9849-5122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036542770","display_name":"Tianqi You","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi You","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079278406","display_name":"Linrang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1368-001X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linrang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016175345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.192,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92887173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"24","first_page":"6220","last_page":"6220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.9486403465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7268385887145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7004193663597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-jamming-and-deception","display_name":"Radar jamming and deception","score":0.6914725303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6059349775314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4615163505077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.43131282925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42424681782722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-doppler-radar","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","score":0.19143393635749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.14529871940612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12788599729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.0855722725391388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.9486403465270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7268385887145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7004193663597107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176381164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486507","display_name":"Radar jamming and deception","level":5,"score":0.6914725303649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6059349775314331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4615163505077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.43131282925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42424681782722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.19143393635749817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.14529871940612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12788599729537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0855722725391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6220/pdf?version=1670567274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8ee27905a5f4ae1a8ee1e05f52b2675","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8ee27905a5f4ae1a8ee1e05f52b2675","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 24, p 6220 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/24/6220/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 24; Pages: 6220","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14246220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14246220","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/24/6220/pdf?version=1670567274","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023919524","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3806177289","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61731023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4455125937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8731145996","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171336","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311970758.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311970758.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519863725","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2007093875","https://openalex.org/W2018459374","https://openalex.org/W2029110836","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2250638476","https://openalex.org/W2418213296","https://openalex.org/W2737669589","https://openalex.org/W2766703096","https://openalex.org/W2901781985","https://openalex.org/W2938618991","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2988343071","https://openalex.org/W3027590803","https://openalex.org/W3043711803","https://openalex.org/W3094399866","https://openalex.org/W3192963845","https://openalex.org/W3205047453","https://openalex.org/W3208729888","https://openalex.org/W3217470494","https://openalex.org/W4200027904","https://openalex.org/W4200533996","https://openalex.org/W4214911013","https://openalex.org/W4225587626","https://openalex.org/W4226489086","https://openalex.org/W4231059779","https://openalex.org/W4292974016","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W4301620610","https://openalex.org/W6765503408","https://openalex.org/W6805177589","https://openalex.org/W6811341590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355227927","https://openalex.org/W2547584104","https://openalex.org/W2320792160","https://openalex.org/W2358221753","https://openalex.org/W2055550092","https://openalex.org/W2382050893","https://openalex.org/W2357521318","https://openalex.org/W2376884913","https://openalex.org/W2360153323","https://openalex.org/W2393502612"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Jamming":[0],"recognition":[1,36,75,155],"is":[2],"an":[3,19],"essential":[4],"step":[5],"in":[6,11,28,58,87,167],"radar":[7,34,71],"detection":[8],"and":[9,83,118,159,162],"anti-jamming":[10],"the":[12,29,32,88,98,110,113,122,130,149],"complex":[13,169],"electromagnetic":[14],"environment.":[15],"When":[16],"radars":[17],"detect":[18],"unknown":[20,85,106,143,160],"type":[21,50],"of":[22,51,90,112,132],"jamming":[23,35,52,60,72,82,86,104,107,133,161,170],"that":[24,55,77,148],"does":[25],"not":[26,136],"occur":[27],"training":[30],"set,":[31],"existing":[33],"algorithms":[37,45],"fail":[38],"to":[39,135],"correctly":[40],"recognize":[41,48],"it.":[42],"However,":[43],"these":[44],"can":[46,78,101,128],"only":[47,137],"this":[49,64],"as":[53],"one":[54],"already":[56],"exists":[57],"our":[59],"library.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"issue,":[65],"we":[66],"present":[67],"two":[68,150],"models":[69,152],"for":[70,157],"open":[73],"set":[74],"(OSR)":[76],"accurately":[79],"classify":[80],"known":[81,103,139,158],"distinguish":[84,102],"case":[89],"small":[91],"samples.":[92],"The":[93],"OSR":[94,123,151],"model":[95,124],"based":[96,125],"on":[97,126],"confidence":[99],"score":[100],"from":[105],"by":[108],"assessing":[109],"reliability":[111],"sample":[114],"output":[115,129],"probability":[116,131],"distribution":[117],"setting":[119],"thresholds.":[120],"Meanwhile,":[121],"OpenMax":[127],"belonging":[134],"all":[138],"classes":[140],"but":[141],"also":[142],"classes.":[144],"Experimental":[145],"results":[146],"show":[147],"exhibit":[153],"high":[154],"accuracy":[156],"play":[163],"a":[164],"vital":[165],"role":[166],"sensing":[168],"environments.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2023-01-03T00:00:00"}