{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311720153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181","title":"Transmit Beampattern Design for Distributed Satellite Constellation Based on Space\u2013Time\u2013Frequency DoFs","display_name":"Transmit Beampattern Design for Distributed Satellite Constellation Based on Space\u2013Time\u2013Frequency DoFs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311720153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6181/pdf?version=1670467456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6181/pdf?version=1670467456","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086172403","display_name":"Xiaomin Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, Xi'an 710000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, Xi'an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101305975","display_name":"Chongdi Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3487-3147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongdi Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034623158","display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8564-4141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002611059","display_name":"Jinming Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194716290","display_name":"China Academy of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025397a59","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194716290","https://openalex.org/I2802615301"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Xi'an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044674658","display_name":"Jianping An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianping An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034623158"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194716290"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.1868,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93298348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"23","first_page":"6181","last_page":"6181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7765458226203918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.7474541664123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-constellation","display_name":"Satellite constellation","score":0.613926887512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5992593169212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.46920695900917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.41641491651535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40277355909347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3422187566757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3283841013908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23249471187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13603702187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1197846531867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08410295844078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.07897889614105225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7765458226203918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7474541664123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.613926887512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5992593169212341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.46920695900917053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.41641491651535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40277355909347534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3422187566757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3283841013908386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23249471187591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13603702187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1197846531867981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08410295844078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.07897889614105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6181/pdf?version=1670467456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bc19c53ffa3c4631b50aa1f3909d527b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bc19c53ffa3c4631b50aa1f3909d527b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 23, p 6181 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/23/6181/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 23; Pages: 6181","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236181","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6181/pdf?version=1670467456","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6441259727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Y21-RCFYJQ1-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7034101345","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62107033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8392061060","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-JCJQ-JJ-0202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311720153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311720153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966558889","https://openalex.org/W2009571879","https://openalex.org/W2019412934","https://openalex.org/W2029966196","https://openalex.org/W2069215806","https://openalex.org/W2093295765","https://openalex.org/W2097256214","https://openalex.org/W2118623524","https://openalex.org/W2135915867","https://openalex.org/W2298880769","https://openalex.org/W2332984834","https://openalex.org/W2437854209","https://openalex.org/W2511333265","https://openalex.org/W2565056670","https://openalex.org/W2589442614","https://openalex.org/W2762044929","https://openalex.org/W2808272971","https://openalex.org/W2883491466","https://openalex.org/W2884662474","https://openalex.org/W2979442296","https://openalex.org/W2995479951","https://openalex.org/W3016138006","https://openalex.org/W3091283260","https://openalex.org/W3135926333","https://openalex.org/W3184906530","https://openalex.org/W3208504520","https://openalex.org/W4206216269","https://openalex.org/W6605850095","https://openalex.org/W6637187437","https://openalex.org/W6753730717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2385787340","https://openalex.org/W171734839","https://openalex.org/W4224313018","https://openalex.org/W2394459062","https://openalex.org/W2392670398","https://openalex.org/W4221033466","https://openalex.org/W2355913771","https://openalex.org/W3209202847","https://openalex.org/W73073636","https://openalex.org/W1630713849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"distributed":[1,49,82],"satellite":[2,14,83,157,198],"constellations,":[3],"detection":[4,57,91],"performance":[5,58],"can":[6,153],"be":[7,154],"equivalently":[8],"regarded":[9],"as":[10,51],"a":[11,25,52,69,81,137,169,178,197],"single":[12],"large":[13],"by":[15,96,176],"the":[16,30,42,56,88,111,133,141,146,185],"cooperative":[17],"operation":[18],"of":[19,29,54,59,120,143,149,187,200],"multiple":[20],"small":[21],"satellites,":[22],"which":[23,55,152],"is":[24,63,85,94,203],"promising":[26],"research":[27],"topic":[28],"Next-Generation":[31],"Radar":[32],"(NGR)":[33],"system.":[34],"However,":[35],"dense":[36],"grating":[37],"lobes":[38],"inevitably":[39],"occur":[40],"in":[41,118,136],"synthetic":[43],"transmit":[44,71,171,194],"pattern":[45],"due":[46],"to":[47,167],"its":[48],"configuration,":[50],"result":[53],"dynamic":[60,76],"coherent":[61,77,90,101,116,193],"radar":[62,78],"seriously":[64],"weakened.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"novel":[70],"beampattern":[72,172],"optimization":[73],"method":[74,114],"for":[75,115],"based":[79],"on":[80],"constellation":[84,199],"presented.":[86],"Firstly,":[87],"effective":[89],"range":[92],"interval":[93],"determined":[95],"several":[97],"influence":[98],"factors,":[99],"i.e.,":[100],"detection,":[102],"far-field,":[103],"and":[104,126,130,161,191],"system":[105],"link":[106],"constraints.":[107],"Then,":[108],"we":[109,131],"discuss":[110],"quantitative":[112],"evaluation":[113],"integration":[117],"terms":[119,135],"synchronization":[121],"error,":[122,125],"beam":[123],"pointing":[124],"high-speed":[127],"motion":[128,163],"characteristics":[129],"allocate":[132],"corresponding":[134],"reasonable":[138],"way":[139],"from":[140,156],"perspective":[142],"engineering.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"space\u2013time\u2013frequency":[147],"degrees":[148],"freedom":[150],"(DOFs),":[151],"collected":[155],"spacing,":[158],"carrier":[159],"frequencies,":[160],"platform":[162],"characteristics,":[164],"are":[165],"utilized":[166],"realize":[168],"robust":[170],"with":[173,196],"low":[174],"sidelobe":[175],"invoking":[177],"genetic":[179],"algorithm":[180],"(GA).":[181],"Simulation":[182],"results":[183],"validate":[184],"effectiveness":[186],"our":[188],"theoretic":[189],"analysis,":[190],"unambiguous":[192],"beamforming":[195],"limited":[201],"scale":[202],"accomplished.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
