{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311719573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174","title":"An Empirical Grid Model for Precipitable Water Vapor","display_name":"An Empirical Grid Model for Precipitable Water Vapor","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311719573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6174/pdf?version=1670318655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6174/pdf?version=1670318655","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059188022","display_name":"Xinzhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4128-8122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinzhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087972681","display_name":"Fayuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8544-555X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fayuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103253212","display_name":"Fuyang Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6375-3662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyang Ke","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi Institute, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Wuxi 214100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101756839","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3195-1688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108865","display_name":"Zhejiang Institute of Communications","ror":"https://ror.org/01q17sd51","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108865"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang Institute of Communications, Hangzhou 311112, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang Institute of Communications, Hangzhou 311112, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108865"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087972681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.4297,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88627242,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"23","first_page":"6174","last_page":"6174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiosonde","display_name":"Radiosonde","score":0.8680443167686462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6125760674476624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.5955210328102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zenith","display_name":"Zenith","score":0.5651805996894836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/longitude","display_name":"Longitude","score":0.5389675498008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5020146369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precipitable-water","display_name":"Precipitable water","score":0.49468275904655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-assimilation","display_name":"Data assimilation","score":0.430306077003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.4146576523780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.3288886547088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.3248481750488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-vapor","display_name":"Water vapor","score":0.29959726333618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.2657293379306793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.20386287569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19215890765190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.16763052344322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1395135521888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12985515594482422}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11999413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852817","display_name":"Radiosonde","level":2,"score":0.8680443167686462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6125760674476624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5955210328102112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53970728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82806","display_name":"Zenith","level":2,"score":0.5651805996894836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477","display_name":"Longitude","level":3,"score":0.5389675498008728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5020146369934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156008332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778526","display_name":"Precipitable water","level":3,"score":0.49468275904655457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24552861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2670177","display_name":"Data assimilation","level":2,"score":0.430306077003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.4146576523780823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.3288886547088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.3248481750488281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147534773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190120","display_name":"Water vapor","level":2,"score":0.29959726333618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2657293379306793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20386287569999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19215890765190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.16763052344322205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1395135521888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12985515594482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6174/pdf?version=1670318655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd041e5cffe74f6bbd72d5d220a49c2b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd041e5cffe74f6bbd72d5d220a49c2b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 23, p 6174 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/23/6174/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 23; Pages: 6174","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236174","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236174","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6174/pdf?version=1670318655","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311719573.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311719573.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492160811","https://openalex.org/W1967157701","https://openalex.org/W1974080586","https://openalex.org/W1995534858","https://openalex.org/W2022395096","https://openalex.org/W2029578467","https://openalex.org/W2042435616","https://openalex.org/W2043424579","https://openalex.org/W2047158459","https://openalex.org/W2056319402","https://openalex.org/W2062649567","https://openalex.org/W2067715694","https://openalex.org/W2068381607","https://openalex.org/W2071416426","https://openalex.org/W2078036723","https://openalex.org/W2081182187","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2128509689","https://openalex.org/W2134631034","https://openalex.org/W2146598934","https://openalex.org/W2169507597","https://openalex.org/W2180241739","https://openalex.org/W2525802607","https://openalex.org/W2593920020","https://openalex.org/W2734190307","https://openalex.org/W2781134707","https://openalex.org/W2883569945","https://openalex.org/W2886858165","https://openalex.org/W2921004868","https://openalex.org/W2969365187","https://openalex.org/W2989898062","https://openalex.org/W2991382303","https://openalex.org/W2996969955","https://openalex.org/W2998310799","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3032927588","https://openalex.org/W3040156946","https://openalex.org/W3103186250","https://openalex.org/W3133648846","https://openalex.org/W3139030379","https://openalex.org/W3157494358","https://openalex.org/W3160418974","https://openalex.org/W3188843269","https://openalex.org/W3204829776","https://openalex.org/W4200286115","https://openalex.org/W4224879774","https://openalex.org/W4280529124","https://openalex.org/W4281939430","https://openalex.org/W4286918254","https://openalex.org/W6670053901"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481473004","https://openalex.org/W1985945086","https://openalex.org/W1967780271","https://openalex.org/W2023025733","https://openalex.org/W3198254179","https://openalex.org/W2384996032","https://openalex.org/W2383715713","https://openalex.org/W2383463955","https://openalex.org/W2090013668","https://openalex.org/W2389996068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atmospheric":[0,216],"precipitable":[1],"water":[2],"vapor":[3],"(PWV)":[4],"is":[5,87,147,156,172,250],"a":[6,51,58,196,240,251],"key":[7],"variable":[8],"for":[9,159,164,175,180,212,255],"weather":[10],"forecast":[11],"and":[12,26,47,75,82,89,105,108,145,161,177,205,229,234],"climate":[13],"research.":[14],"Various":[15],"techniques":[16],"(e.g.,":[17,102],"radiosondes,":[18],"global":[19],"navigation":[20],"satellite":[21,23],"system,":[22],"remote":[24],"sensing":[25],"reanalysis":[27,245],"products":[28],"by":[29,77],"data":[30,43,96,142],"assimilation)":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33],"used":[34,134],"to":[35,93,135],"measure":[36],"(or":[37],"retrieve)":[38],"PWV.":[39,258],"However,":[40],"gathering":[41],"PWV":[42,61,95,141,201],"with":[44,97,126,150],"high":[45],"spatial":[46],"temporal":[48],"resolutions":[49],"remains":[50],"challenge.":[52],"In":[53,194],"this":[54],"study,":[55],"we":[56],"propose":[57],"new":[59],"empirical":[60],"grid":[62,221],"model":[63,74,132],"(called":[64],"ASV-PWV)":[65],"using":[66],"the":[67,72,78,91,103,112,127,137,166,206],"zenith":[68],"wet":[69],"delay":[70],"from":[71,143],"Askne":[73],"improved":[76],"spherical":[79],"harmonic":[80],"function":[81],"vertical":[83],"correction.":[84],"Our":[85,183],"method":[86],"convenient":[88],"enables":[90],"user":[92],"gain":[94],"only":[98],"four":[99],"input":[100],"parameters":[101],"longitude":[104],"latitude,":[106],"time,":[107],"atmospheric":[109],"pressure":[110],"of":[111,116,191,203,209],"desired":[113],"position).":[114],"Profiles":[115],"20":[117],"radiosonde":[118,151],"stations":[119],"in":[120,189,223],"Qinghai":[121],"Tibet":[122],"Plateau,":[123],"China,":[124],"along":[125],"latest":[128],"publicly":[129],"available":[130],"C-PWVC2":[131,146,188],"are":[133,231],"validate":[136],"local":[138],"performance.":[139],"The":[140,225],"ASV-PWV":[144,160,176,184,204,238,249],"generally":[148],"consistent":[149],"(the":[152],"average":[153,226],"annual":[154,227],"bias":[155,228],"\u22120.44":[157],"mm":[158,163,174,179,233],"\u22121.36":[162],"C-PWVC2,":[165,181],"root":[167],"mean":[168],"square":[169],"error":[170],"(RMSE)":[171],"3.44":[173],"2.51":[178],"respectively).":[182],"performs":[185],"better":[186],"than":[187],"terms":[190],"seasonal":[192],"characteristics.":[193],"general,":[195],"sound":[197],"consistency":[198],"exists":[199],"between":[200],"values":[202],"fifth":[207],"generation":[208],"European":[210],"Centre":[211],"Medium-Range":[213],"Weather":[214],"Forecasts":[215],"Reanalysis":[217],"(ERA5)":[218],"(total":[219],"7381":[220],"points":[222],"2020).":[224],"RMSE":[230],"\u22120.73":[232],"4.28":[235],"mm,":[236],"respectively.":[237],"has":[239],"similar":[241],"performance":[242],"as":[243],"ERA5":[244],"products,":[246],"indicating":[247],"that":[248],"potentially":[252],"alternative":[253],"option":[254],"rapidly":[256],"gaining":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
