{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311530089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124","title":"A Comparison of Information Content at Microwave to Millimeter Wave Bands for Atmospheric Sounding","display_name":"A Comparison of Information Content at Microwave to Millimeter Wave Bands for Atmospheric Sounding","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311530089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6124/pdf?version=1670235412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6124/pdf?version=1670235412","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112881364","display_name":"Xianjun Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767927","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianjun Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing 100080, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing 100080, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048705310","display_name":"Fuzhong Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0150-2179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767927","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fuzhong Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing 100080, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), Beijing 100080, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048705310"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.196,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47883107,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"23","first_page":"6124","last_page":"6124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6613762974739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-sounding","display_name":"Depth sounding","score":0.6281855702400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6160350441932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5876803994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troposphere","display_name":"Troposphere","score":0.5717089176177979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.5707552433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.569717288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-radiative-transfer-codes","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","score":0.5102360248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiometer","display_name":"Radiometer","score":0.49584826827049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.49295711517333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.48288702964782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.44646716117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.29988908767700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2969377040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21350640058517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1432577669620514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6613762974739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55510283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1382947","display_name":"Depth sounding","level":2,"score":0.6281855702400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6160350441932678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5876803994178772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9075549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40631","display_name":"Troposphere","level":2,"score":0.5717089176177979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.5707552433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.569717288017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2353151","display_name":"Atmospheric radiative transfer codes","level":3,"score":0.5102360248565674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120189094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850281","display_name":"Radiometer","level":2,"score":0.49584826827049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.49295711517333984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.48288702964782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.44646716117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.29988908767700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2969377040863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21350640058517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1432577669620514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6124/pdf?version=1670235412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67b18d72d4e3413ca071cc438d5491a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67b18d72d4e3413ca071cc438d5491a2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 23, p 6124 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/23/6124/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 23; Pages: 6124","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14236124","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14236124","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/6124/pdf?version=1670235412","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7443789883","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3900400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8858432292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2142212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311530089.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311530089.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1838351833","https://openalex.org/W1845410120","https://openalex.org/W1994346437","https://openalex.org/W2010899322","https://openalex.org/W2054425163","https://openalex.org/W2060363625","https://openalex.org/W2077270883","https://openalex.org/W2090988712","https://openalex.org/W2106146193","https://openalex.org/W2121505250","https://openalex.org/W2126595526","https://openalex.org/W2130158591","https://openalex.org/W2155046225","https://openalex.org/W2325267827","https://openalex.org/W2618613613","https://openalex.org/W2791517694","https://openalex.org/W2953599446","https://openalex.org/W2996209647","https://openalex.org/W3010481374","https://openalex.org/W3024129662","https://openalex.org/W3047418422","https://openalex.org/W3082229909","https://openalex.org/W3096854926","https://openalex.org/W3123317315","https://openalex.org/W3153385632","https://openalex.org/W3181748495","https://openalex.org/W3190983335","https://openalex.org/W4221103558","https://openalex.org/W6903760060"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1586755971","https://openalex.org/W2140822038","https://openalex.org/W1978078116","https://openalex.org/W1565743672","https://openalex.org/W2005230581","https://openalex.org/W2109355119","https://openalex.org/W2145900922","https://openalex.org/W1980594934","https://openalex.org/W2128740889","https://openalex.org/W3165919912"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,109],"brightness":[1],"temperatures":[2],"and":[3,11,49,66,103,124,129,178],"their":[4],"Jacobians":[5],"with":[6,29],"respect":[7],"to":[8,16,24,36,158,172],"atmospheric":[9,80],"temperature":[10,48,81,118],"humidity":[12,50,137],"at":[13],"the":[14,30,37,56,112,130,141,151,164,174,180],"microwave":[15],"millimeter":[17],"wave":[18],"spectral":[19],"bands":[20],"from":[21,85,97,166],"23":[22],"GHz":[23,26,102],"424":[25],"are":[27],"simulated":[28],"ECMWF":[31],"IFS-137":[32],"profiles":[33],"as":[34],"inputs":[35],"Advanced":[38],"Radiative":[39],"transfer":[40,185],"Modeling":[41],"System":[42],"(ARMS).":[43],"information":[45,65,77,119,138,152],"content":[46,78,120,139,153],"of":[47,72,127,154,163],"is":[51,60,82,170],"then":[52],"calculated":[53],"individually":[54],"through":[55],"Shannon":[57],"entropy":[58],"which":[59],"contributed":[61],"by":[62],"a-priori":[63],"background":[64],"observations.":[67],"For":[68],"a":[69,75,116,134,160],"typical":[70],"set":[71],"measurement":[73,146],"uncertainties,":[74],"high":[76],"for":[79,93,122,140],"mainly":[83,121],"obtained":[84],"V":[86],"band":[87,99,105,114,132],"near":[88,100,106],"50\u201370":[89],"GHz,":[90],"whereas":[91],"that":[92],"water":[94],"vapor":[95],"comes":[96],"G":[98,113],"183":[101],"Y1":[104,131],"380":[107],"GHz.":[108],"channels":[110],"within":[111],"have":[115],"large":[117,136,145],"lower":[123],"middle":[125],"layers":[126],"troposphere":[128],"has":[133],"relatively":[135],"entire":[142],"troposphere.":[143],"A":[144],"uncertainty":[147],"can":[148],"significantly":[149],"reduce":[150,173],"each":[155,167],"band.":[156],"Thus,":[157],"make":[159],"best":[161],"use":[162],"data":[165],"band,":[168],"it":[169],"important":[171],"instrument":[175],"calibration":[176],"noise":[177],"increase":[179],"accuracy":[181],"in":[182],"forward":[183],"radiative":[184],"simulation.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}