{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310184789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972","title":"Review of GPR Activities in Civil Infrastructures: Data Analysis and Applications","display_name":"Review of GPR Activities in Civil Infrastructures: Data Analysis and Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310184789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14235972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/5972/pdf?version=1669378823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/5972/pdf?version=1669378823","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090012799","display_name":"Feifei Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-4826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feifei Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-4826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076456155","display_name":"Xiyue Rui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyue Rui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009981236","display_name":"Xinyu Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-4956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100438423","display_name":"Hang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5019-7209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009981236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":5.5664,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97309196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"23","first_page":"5972","last_page":"5972"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9627793431282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.6337474584579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5378751754760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.5012600421905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.46292826533317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-engineering","display_name":"Construction engineering","score":0.45686858892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4475036859512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4329247772693634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3817078471183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.35055404901504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24436688423156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21377426385879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12394508719444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.11054632067680359}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9627793431282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.6337474584579468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5378751754760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.5012600421905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46292826533317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.45686858892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4475036859512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4329247772693634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3817078471183777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.35055404901504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24436688423156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21377426385879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12394508719444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11054632067680359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14235972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/5972/pdf?version=1669378823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afe0f4dbe2ce45038f652a1850ff368e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afe0f4dbe2ce45038f652a1850ff368e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 23, p 5972 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/23/5972/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 23; Pages: 5972","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14235972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14235972","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/23/5972/pdf?version=1669378823","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4659634887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7425427924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203475","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898166525","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30878","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310184789.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":129,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W301674672","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1579453674","https://openalex.org/W1897266907","https://openalex.org/W1966455391","https://openalex.org/W1966962531","https://openalex.org/W1968918030","https://openalex.org/W1978543941","https://openalex.org/W1981060362","https://openalex.org/W1990365524","https://openalex.org/W1995168502","https://openalex.org/W2035752142","https://openalex.org/W2036415868","https://openalex.org/W2055605172","https://openalex.org/W2059817405","https://openalex.org/W2063185963","https://openalex.org/W2073046487","https://openalex.org/W2074870712","https://openalex.org/W2079073363","https://openalex.org/W2096168716","https://openalex.org/W2113849075","https://openalex.org/W2115011614","https://openalex.org/W2130976145","https://openalex.org/W2137901437","https://openalex.org/W2138489340","https://openalex.org/W2162747417","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2185107459","https://openalex.org/W2211617017","https://openalex.org/W2291522392","https://openalex.org/W2315230718","https://openalex.org/W2325975990","https://openalex.org/W2345304534","https://openalex.org/W2345464525","https://openalex.org/W2345677862","https://openalex.org/W2394919951","https://openalex.org/W2395626468","https://openalex.org/W2401752079","https://openalex.org/W2418398406","https://openalex.org/W2420267987","https://openalex.org/W2467399594","https://openalex.org/W2521901407","https://openalex.org/W2565914951","https://openalex.org/W2571407923","https://openalex.org/W2580689992","https://openalex.org/W2593620621","https://openalex.org/W2606733285","https://openalex.org/W2611249899","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2621985475","https://openalex.org/W2643473287","https://openalex.org/W2669096019","https://openalex.org/W2683886148","https://openalex.org/W2741147581","https://openalex.org/W2743631638","https://openalex.org/W2745238178","https://openalex.org/W2747675333","https://openalex.org/W2750759787","https://openalex.org/W2762494485","https://openalex.org/W2782327155","https://openalex.org/W2789491626","https://openalex.org/W2789590893","https://openalex.org/W2790313863","https://openalex.org/W2790327408","https://openalex.org/W2790815677","https://openalex.org/W2791789798","https://openalex.org/W2792858591","https://openalex.org/W2792925492","https://openalex.org/W2794163378","https://openalex.org/W2794183852","https://openalex.org/W2800001062","https://openalex.org/W2800040552","https://openalex.org/W2800106108","https://openalex.org/W2800538892","https://openalex.org/W2810805470","https://openalex.org/W2888094450","https://openalex.org/W2891220496","https://openalex.org/W2900637952","https://openalex.org/W2905734412","https://openalex.org/W2912178711","https://openalex.org/W2913483483","https://openalex.org/W2921895299","https://openalex.org/W2930722033","https://openalex.org/W2933974480","https://openalex.org/W2934494886","https://openalex.org/W2939828025","https://openalex.org/W2955224791","https://openalex.org/W2955333808","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963249133","https://openalex.org/W2965946211","https://openalex.org/W2969365401","https://openalex.org/W2972978119","https://openalex.org/W2977312869","https://openalex.org/W2981911239","https://openalex.org/W2985221802","https://openalex.org/W2985302978","https://openalex.org/W3002210514","https://openalex.org/W3003588722","https://openalex.org/W3005034513","https://openalex.org/W3005825457","https://openalex.org/W3005898469","https://openalex.org/W3006272063","https://openalex.org/W3006855808","https://openalex.org/W3006929973","https://openalex.org/W3007914968","https://openalex.org/W3008016306","https://openalex.org/W3013741472","https://openalex.org/W3013875977","https://openalex.org/W3014608870","https://openalex.org/W3015278724","https://openalex.org/W3016554687","https://openalex.org/W3016668476","https://openalex.org/W3017334782","https://openalex.org/W3021410775","https://openalex.org/W3021608294","https://openalex.org/W3021701340","https://openalex.org/W3022355161","https://openalex.org/W3022886678","https://openalex.org/W3023742084","https://openalex.org/W3033545776","https://openalex.org/W3035571503","https://openalex.org/W3085050105","https://openalex.org/W3090474196","https://openalex.org/W3116448918","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3176792959","https://openalex.org/W3193473337","https://openalex.org/W3209641232"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356236671","https://openalex.org/W2109501679","https://openalex.org/W2081804165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground":[0],"penetration":[1],"radar":[2],"(GPR)":[3],"technology":[4],"has":[5],"received":[6],"in-depth":[7],"analysis":[8,20],"and":[9,26,73,90,119,132,143],"rapid":[10],"development":[11],"in":[12,29,48,59,95],"the":[13,24,41,46,66,83,87,92,101,109,113,137,140],"field":[14],"of":[15,23,40,65,77,86],"civil":[16],"engineering.":[17],"GPR":[18,49,88,110,115],"data":[19,70,84],"is":[21],"one":[22],"basic":[25],"challenging":[27],"problems":[28],"this":[30,60],"field.":[31],"This":[32],"research":[33,61],"aims":[34],"to":[35,45,107,122],"conduct":[36],"a":[37,74],"comprehensive":[38],"survey":[39,138],"progress":[42],"from":[43],"2015":[44],"present":[47],"scanning":[50],"tasks.":[51],"More":[52],"than":[53],"130":[54],"major":[55],"publications":[56],"are":[57,117],"cited":[58],"covering":[62],"different":[63],"aspects":[64],"research,":[67],"including":[68],"advanced":[69],"processing":[71,104],"methods":[72],"wide":[75],"variety":[76],"applications.":[78],"First,":[79],"it":[80,99],"briefly":[81],"introduces":[82],"collection":[85],"system":[89],"discusses":[91,139],"signal":[93,103],"complexity":[94],"simulated/real":[96],"scenes.":[97],"Then,":[98],"reviews":[100],"main":[102],"techniques":[105],"used":[106],"interpret":[108],"data.":[111],"Subsequently,":[112],"latest":[114],"surveys":[116],"considered":[118],"divided":[120],"according":[121],"four":[123],"application":[124],"domains,":[125],"namely":[126],"bridges,":[127],"road":[128],"pavements,":[129],"underground":[130],"utilities,":[131],"urban":[133],"subsurface":[134],"risks.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"open":[141],"challenges":[142],"directions":[144],"for":[145],"future":[146],"research.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2022-11-30T00:00:00"}