{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309034964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719","title":"Comparing Gaofen-5, Ground, and Huanjing-1A Spectra for the Monitoring of Soil Salinity with the BP Neural Network Improved by Particle Swarm Optimization","display_name":"Comparing Gaofen-5, Ground, and Huanjing-1A Spectra for the Monitoring of Soil Salinity with the BP Neural Network Improved by Particle Swarm Optimization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309034964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5719/pdf?version=1668750688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5719/pdf?version=1668750688","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101035996","display_name":"Xiaofang Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045113585","display_name":"Xian Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1795-8656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106526","display_name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/01jz1e142","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xian Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drylands Salinization Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drylands Salinization Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106526","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045113585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210106526"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.3406,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52654002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"22","first_page":"5719","last_page":"5719"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8401991128921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7233774065971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-salinity","display_name":"Soil salinity","score":0.7090553045272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.6102019548416138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5563482642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.526874840259552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.525597095489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5034601092338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4299360513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity","display_name":"Salinity","score":0.4200075566768646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2906287908554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.25610417127609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24261581897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20740452408790588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.20696449279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17752134799957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17696616053581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12874209880828857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8401991128921509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7233774065971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141650431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754836","display_name":"Soil salinity","level":3,"score":0.7090553045272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.6102019548416138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5563482642173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.526874840259552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.525597095489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5034601092338562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4299360513687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.4200075566768646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2906287908554077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.25610417127609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24261581897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20740452408790588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.20696449279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17752134799957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17696616053581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12874209880828857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5719/pdf?version=1668750688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1779db2caacb48c987714341e08d954a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1779db2caacb48c987714341e08d954a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 22, p 5719 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/22/5719/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 22; Pages: 5719","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225719","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225719","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5719/pdf?version=1668750688","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309034964.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309034964.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1148445081","https://openalex.org/W1963836745","https://openalex.org/W1969655639","https://openalex.org/W1980065767","https://openalex.org/W1984100396","https://openalex.org/W1984638002","https://openalex.org/W2008295896","https://openalex.org/W2017422910","https://openalex.org/W2020456298","https://openalex.org/W2023961611","https://openalex.org/W2033179381","https://openalex.org/W2036073039","https://openalex.org/W2040611841","https://openalex.org/W2051529402","https://openalex.org/W2056774953","https://openalex.org/W2059115408","https://openalex.org/W2065320388","https://openalex.org/W2090315378","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2121766492","https://openalex.org/W2126499181","https://openalex.org/W2136364160","https://openalex.org/W2144405000","https://openalex.org/W2149650508","https://openalex.org/W2167020326","https://openalex.org/W2171679746","https://openalex.org/W2192080354","https://openalex.org/W2345420153","https://openalex.org/W2555930296","https://openalex.org/W2557972103","https://openalex.org/W2602051357","https://openalex.org/W2762355583","https://openalex.org/W2765354512","https://openalex.org/W2792956321","https://openalex.org/W2805128507","https://openalex.org/W2884279087","https://openalex.org/W2889092728","https://openalex.org/W2890179699","https://openalex.org/W2890761376","https://openalex.org/W2892249983","https://openalex.org/W2893188571","https://openalex.org/W2896209988","https://openalex.org/W2898280516","https://openalex.org/W2901434766","https://openalex.org/W2908994269","https://openalex.org/W2920610558","https://openalex.org/W2934977212","https://openalex.org/W2942962169","https://openalex.org/W2952685330","https://openalex.org/W2953026644","https://openalex.org/W2971897573","https://openalex.org/W2994645803","https://openalex.org/W2998697012","https://openalex.org/W2999827172","https://openalex.org/W3004994287","https://openalex.org/W3005468539","https://openalex.org/W3006286553","https://openalex.org/W3048702539","https://openalex.org/W3082629838","https://openalex.org/W3082875264","https://openalex.org/W3091771789","https://openalex.org/W3106973079","https://openalex.org/W3111028567","https://openalex.org/W3121038346","https://openalex.org/W3121968834","https://openalex.org/W3134469768","https://openalex.org/W3173786180","https://openalex.org/W3176046125","https://openalex.org/W3178092465","https://openalex.org/W3193101852","https://openalex.org/W3199698081","https://openalex.org/W3204000013","https://openalex.org/W3208610602","https://openalex.org/W4200201691","https://openalex.org/W4205322350","https://openalex.org/W4206968386","https://openalex.org/W4210818330","https://openalex.org/W4240207576","https://openalex.org/W6663294077","https://openalex.org/W6678575451","https://openalex.org/W6687635156","https://openalex.org/W6787021158","https://openalex.org/W6798133375","https://openalex.org/W6801852932"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W2801661703","https://openalex.org/W4382982879","https://openalex.org/W4311044000"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,70,84,91,118,132,136,155,159,207,237,256],"the":[2,43,85,116,129,137,156,253],"world\u2019s":[3],"saline":[4,246,269],"soils":[5],"are":[6],"found":[7],"in":[8,51,67,200,220,250,259],"arid":[9],"or":[10],"semiarid":[11],"areas,":[12],"where":[13],"salinization":[14],"is":[15],"becoming":[16],"serious.":[17],"Ground":[18],"laboratory":[19],"hyperspectral":[20,30,119,215,229],"data":[21,65,211],"(analytical":[22],"spectral":[23],"devices,":[24],"ASD)":[25],"as":[26,28,64],"well":[27],"spaceborne":[29,214],"data,":[31],"including":[32,95],"Gaofen-5":[33],"(GF-5)":[34],"and":[35,48,61,108,134,153,164,179,209,227,239,244,252,267],"Huanjing-1A":[36],"(HJ-1A),":[37],"provide":[38,273],"convenient":[39],"salinity":[40,52,221,277],"monitoring.":[41],"However,":[42],"difference":[44],"among":[45],"ASD,":[46,59],"GF-5,":[47,60],"HJ-1A":[49,62,165,180,208,226,240],"spectra":[50,63,87,166,171,192],"monitoring":[53,278],"remains":[54],"unclear.":[55],"So,":[56],"we":[57,224],"used":[58,113,126,225],"sources":[66],"Gaotai":[68,260],"County":[69],"Hexi":[71],"Corridor,":[72],"which":[73],"has":[74,217],"been":[75],"affected":[76],"by":[77],"salinization.":[78],"For":[79],"a":[80,274],"more":[81],"comprehensive":[82],"comparison":[83],"three":[86],"datum,":[88],"four":[89],"kinds":[90],"band":[92],"screening":[93],"methods,":[94],"Pearson":[96],"correlation":[97],"coefficient":[98],"(PCC),":[99],"principal":[100],"component":[101],"analysis":[102],"(PCA),":[103],"successive":[104],"projections":[105],"algorithm":[106],"(SPA),":[107],"random":[109,130],"forest":[110],"(RF)":[111],"were":[112,167],"to":[114,127,231],"reduce":[115],"dimension":[117],"data.":[120],"Particle":[121],"swarm":[122],"optimization":[123],"(PSO)":[124],"was":[125],"improve":[128],"initialization":[131],"weights":[133],"thresholds":[135],"back":[138],"propagation":[139],"neural":[140],"network":[141],"(BPNN)":[142],"model.":[143],"The":[144,203,235],"results":[145,236],"showed":[146,241],"that":[147,213,242],"root":[148],"mean":[149],"square":[150],"error":[151],"(RMSE)":[152],"determination":[154],"coefficients":[157],"(R2)":[158],"models":[160],"based":[161],"on":[162],"ASD":[163,170],"basically":[168],"similar.":[169],"(RMSE":[172,181,193],"=":[173,177,182,186,194,198],"4":[174],"mS\u00b7cm\u22121,":[175,184,196],"R2":[176,185,197],"0.82)":[178],"2.98":[183],"0.93)":[187],"performed":[188],"better":[189],"than":[190],"GF-5":[191,210,228,238],"6.45":[195],"0.67)":[199],"some":[201],"cases.":[202],"good":[204],"modelling":[205],"result":[206],"confirmed":[212],"imagery":[216,230],"great":[218],"potential":[219],"mapping.":[222],"Then,":[223],"map":[232],"soil":[233,247],"salinity.":[234],"extremely":[243],"highly":[245],"mainly":[248,264],"occurred":[249],"grassland":[251],"southern":[254],"part":[255],"arable":[257],"land":[258],"County.":[261],"Other":[262],"lands":[263],"featured":[265],"non-saline":[266],"slightly":[268],"soil.":[270],"This":[271],"can":[272],"reference":[275],"for":[276],"research.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-11-21T00:00:00"}
