{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308720162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636","title":"Weighted Local Ratio-Difference Contrast Method for Detecting an Infrared Small Target against Ground\u2013Sky Background","display_name":"Weighted Local Ratio-Difference Contrast Method for Detecting an Infrared Small Target against Ground\u2013Sky Background","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308720162","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5636/pdf?version=1667957505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5636/pdf?version=1667957505","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084982845","display_name":"Hongguang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-0857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongguang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7227-0857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036390257","display_name":"Pengge Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7111-0547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pengge Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034772830","display_name":"Dongdong Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-1840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongdong Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-1840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317994","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072717093","display_name":"Jinwang Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwang Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101003963","display_name":"Xingchen Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-9250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192868223","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01qjyzh50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingchen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450015, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036390257"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192868223"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":4.5154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94449465,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"22","first_page":"5636","last_page":"5636"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.7322948575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.6371685862541199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5814177393913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.53067547082901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.500664234161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.47872209548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47174108028411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.4464433491230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.42493391036987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4024909734725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.332058846950531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17388403415679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.15046754479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1177222728729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.07199162244796753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.7322948575019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6371685862541199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5814177393913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.53067547082901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.500664234161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.47872209548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47174108028411865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.4464433491230011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.42493391036987305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4024909734725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.332058846950531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17388403415679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15046754479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1177222728729248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.07199162244796753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5636/pdf?version=1667957505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b364e6b73834fab89e3e25b40016a3e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b364e6b73834fab89e3e25b40016a3e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 22, p 5636 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/22/5636/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 22; Pages: 5636","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14225636","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14225636","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/22/5636/pdf?version=1667957505","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1470107187","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020Z019055001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4417359500","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1833203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5756617633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CX55","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322766","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323110","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308720162.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308720162.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1984550953","https://openalex.org/W2010313794","https://openalex.org/W2029725672","https://openalex.org/W2036539636","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2058928435","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2114699818","https://openalex.org/W2288886961","https://openalex.org/W2291670705","https://openalex.org/W2338318173","https://openalex.org/W2341998679","https://openalex.org/W2346388536","https://openalex.org/W2470036451","https://openalex.org/W2540854551","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2792463169","https://openalex.org/W2897587419","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2921709033","https://openalex.org/W2945271414","https://openalex.org/W2947066337","https://openalex.org/W2971486651","https://openalex.org/W2977377165","https://openalex.org/W2990218011","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W2992263340","https://openalex.org/W3001427728","https://openalex.org/W3008195555","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3021020015","https://openalex.org/W3039072276","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3118647853","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3119966815","https://openalex.org/W4226348958","https://openalex.org/W4285277720","https://openalex.org/W4285799044","https://openalex.org/W4285804308","https://openalex.org/W4288391611","https://openalex.org/W4312729759","https://openalex.org/W6652744587","https://openalex.org/W6696861738","https://openalex.org/W6811378247","https://openalex.org/W6839986274","https://openalex.org/W6840307048","https://openalex.org/W6841415942"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2528420922","https://openalex.org/W2245358137","https://openalex.org/W3010033880","https://openalex.org/W2587830478","https://openalex.org/W2554059268","https://openalex.org/W2919291704","https://openalex.org/W4286825833","https://openalex.org/W2328468600","https://openalex.org/W2369577330","https://openalex.org/W3191274645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fast":[0],"and":[1,41,65,91,104],"robust":[2],"detection":[3],"of":[4,38,43,99,108],"infrared":[5,67,143],"small":[6,68],"targets":[7,69],"in":[8,19,58,70],"a":[9,81,126],"single":[10],"image":[11],"has":[12],"always":[13],"been":[14],"challenging.":[15],"The":[16],"background":[17,22,46],"residue":[18],"complex":[20],"ground\u2013sky":[21,45,72,142],"images":[23],"leads":[24],"to":[25,61,133],"high":[26],"false":[27],"alarm":[28],"rates":[29],"when":[30],"traditional":[31],"local":[32,51,87,101],"contrast":[33,53,88,103],"methods":[34],"are":[35,78,94],"used":[36],"because":[37],"the":[39,44,71,97,100,105,109,113,121,135,147],"complexity":[40],"variability":[42],"imaging":[47],"environment.":[48],"A":[49],"weighted":[50,92,115],"ratio-difference":[52,102],"(WLRDC)":[54],"method":[55,130,149],"is":[56,131],"proposed":[57,148],"this":[59,63],"paper":[60],"address":[62],"problem":[64],"detect":[66],"background.":[73],"First,":[74],"target":[75],"candidate":[76],"pixels":[77],"obtained":[79,119],"using":[80],"simple":[82,127],"facet":[83],"kernel":[84],"filter.":[85],"Second,":[86],"saliency":[89],"maps":[90],"mappings":[93],"calculated":[95],"on":[96,139],"basis":[98],"spatial":[106],"dissimilarity":[107],"target,":[110],"respectively.":[111],"Third,":[112],"final":[114],"mapping":[116],"can":[117],"be":[118],"through":[120],"multiplication":[122],"fusion":[123],"strategy.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"threshold":[128],"segmentation":[129],"employed":[132],"extract":[134],"target.":[136],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"six":[140],"real":[141],"scenes":[144],"showed":[145],"that":[146],"outperforms":[150],"existing":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"methods.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}