{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308441533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575","title":"Deep-Learning-Based Three-Dimensional Detection of Individual Wave-Dissipating Blocks from As-Built Point Clouds Measured by UAV Photogrammetry and Multibeam Echo-Sounder","display_name":"Deep-Learning-Based Three-Dimensional Detection of Individual Wave-Dissipating Blocks from As-Built Point Clouds Measured by UAV Photogrammetry and Multibeam Echo-Sounder","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308441533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5575/pdf?version=1667888080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5575/pdf?version=1667888080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052153541","display_name":"Yajun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2097-6161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yajun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026088713","display_name":"Satoshi Kanai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3570-1782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Kanai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001601791","display_name":"Hiroaki Date","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6189-2044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205349734","display_name":"Hokkaido University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e16g702","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroaki Date","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita 14, Nishi 9, Kita Ward, Sapporo 060-0814, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113436262","display_name":"Tomoaki Sano","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Sano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alpha Hydraulic Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd., 14 Chome-516-336 Hassamu 9 Jo, Nishi Ward, Sapporo 063-0829, Hokkaido, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alpha Hydraulic Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd., 14 Chome-516-336 Hassamu 9 Jo, Nishi Ward, Sapporo 063-0829, Hokkaido, Japan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052153541"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205349734"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.1988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82187529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"5575","last_page":"5575"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12624","display_name":"Maritime and Coastal Archaeology","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.8245660066604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6966186165809631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.644737958908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.6299206614494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6297156810760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5181385278701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4915648400783539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.46396103501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4316326379776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.28303518891334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11072927713394165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.8245660066604614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6966186165809631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.644737958908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.6299206614494324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6297156810760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5181385278701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4915648400783539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.46396103501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4316326379776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.28303518891334534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11072927713394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5575/pdf?version=1667888080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dbf1fe58be34f57ad9c364793d8ef44","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dbf1fe58be34f57ad9c364793d8ef44","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 21, p 5575 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5575/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5575","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215575","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5575/pdf?version=1667888080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308441533.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308441533.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972485825","https://openalex.org/W1989234280","https://openalex.org/W2009070339","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2098764590","https://openalex.org/W2099606917","https://openalex.org/W2160625749","https://openalex.org/W2161168419","https://openalex.org/W2163828577","https://openalex.org/W2173969251","https://openalex.org/W2180507191","https://openalex.org/W2460657278","https://openalex.org/W2464200999","https://openalex.org/W2509537408","https://openalex.org/W2511933588","https://openalex.org/W2514982200","https://openalex.org/W2523625385","https://openalex.org/W2556967412","https://openalex.org/W2563685048","https://openalex.org/W2564755587","https://openalex.org/W2585959050","https://openalex.org/W2594519801","https://openalex.org/W2605102758","https://openalex.org/W2624503621","https://openalex.org/W2767032778","https://openalex.org/W2769312834","https://openalex.org/W2776252274","https://openalex.org/W2888526011","https://openalex.org/W2898748826","https://openalex.org/W2959771705","https://openalex.org/W2963017945","https://openalex.org/W2963177347","https://openalex.org/W2963201472","https://openalex.org/W2963729424","https://openalex.org/W2964266557","https://openalex.org/W2968370607","https://openalex.org/W2979286473","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W2995182785","https://openalex.org/W3004356397","https://openalex.org/W3010048653","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3022572585","https://openalex.org/W3023260838","https://openalex.org/W3023952209","https://openalex.org/W3034949383","https://openalex.org/W3089444959","https://openalex.org/W3090584485","https://openalex.org/W3091155238","https://openalex.org/W3098637820","https://openalex.org/W3104553818","https://openalex.org/W3133557228","https://openalex.org/W3136490667","https://openalex.org/W3143836099","https://openalex.org/W3161383968","https://openalex.org/W3200318260","https://openalex.org/W4206780238","https://openalex.org/W4211037083","https://openalex.org/W4214540433","https://openalex.org/W4214773923","https://openalex.org/W4221041501","https://openalex.org/W4223431326","https://openalex.org/W4293192077","https://openalex.org/W4312983621","https://openalex.org/W6747904511","https://openalex.org/W6794020371"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365572566","https://openalex.org/W2394068580","https://openalex.org/W2525880111","https://openalex.org/W2051732542","https://openalex.org/W2369515111","https://openalex.org/W1902541973","https://openalex.org/W3049104455","https://openalex.org/W1188945172","https://openalex.org/W2560018626","https://openalex.org/W2114282491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wave-dissipating":[0],"blocks":[1,24,56,68],"are":[2],"the":[3,19,26,29,36,87,115,135,150,200,216,220,224,239,246,261],"armor":[4],"elements":[5],"of":[6,21,28,35,41,66,106,132,137,149,169,172,238,263],"breakwaters":[7],"that":[8,215],"protect":[9],"beaches,":[10],"ports,":[11],"and":[12,39,71,76,129,155,163,184,199,223,231],"harbors":[13],"from":[14,57],"erosion":[15],"by":[16],"waves.":[17],"Monitoring":[18],"poses":[20],"individual":[22,55,112],"wave-dissipating":[23,67],"benefits":[25],"accuracy":[27,244],"block":[30,140,241,257],"supplemental":[31],"work":[32],"plan,":[33],"recording":[34],"construction":[37],"status,":[38],"monitoring":[40],"long-term":[42],"pose":[43,118,175,189,208],"change":[44],"in":[45,245],"blocks.":[46,133],"This":[47],"study":[48],"proposes":[49],"a":[50,64,77,122],"deep-learning-based":[51],"approach":[52,81],"to":[53,110],"detect":[54],"large-scale":[58],"three-dimensional":[59,123],"point":[60,101,126,157,226,251],"clouds":[61,252],"measured":[62],"with":[63,166],"pile":[65],"placed":[69],"overseas":[70],"underseas":[72],"using":[73,90,121,143],"UAV":[74],"photogrammetry":[75],"multibeam":[78],"echo-sounder.":[79],"The":[80,147,174,191,207,243],"comprises":[82],"three":[83],"main":[84],"steps.":[85],"First,":[86],"instance":[88,151],"segmentation":[89,152],"our":[91,264],"originally":[92],"designed":[93],"deep":[94],"convolutional":[95],"neural":[96],"network":[97],"partitions":[98],"an":[99,111,167],"original":[100],"cloud":[102,127,158,227],"into":[103],"small":[104],"subsets":[105],"points,":[107],"each":[108,138],"corresponding":[109],"block.":[113],"Then,":[114],"block-wise":[116,193],"6D":[117],"is":[119,141,235],"estimated":[120],"feature":[124],"descriptor,":[125],"registration,":[128],"CAD":[130],"models":[131],"Finally,":[134],"type":[136],"segmented":[139],"identified":[142],"model":[144],"registration":[145],"results.":[146],"results":[148,177,210],"on":[153,178,211,249],"real-world":[154,212,250],"synthetic":[156,179],"data":[159,180,213],"achieved":[160,181],"70\u201390%":[161],"precision":[162,183],"50\u201376%":[164],"recall":[165,186],"intersection":[168],"union":[170],"threshold":[171],"0.5.":[173],"estimation":[176,209],"83\u201395%":[182],"77\u201395%":[185],"under":[187],"strict":[188],"criteria.":[190],"average":[192],"displacement":[194],"error":[195,202,218],"was":[196,203],"30":[197,230],"mm,":[198,233],"rotation":[201],"less":[204],"than":[205],"2\u2218.":[206],"showed":[214],"fitting":[217],"between":[219,229],"reconstructed":[221],"scene":[222,225],"ranged":[228],"50":[232],"which":[234],"below":[236],"2%":[237],"detected":[240],"size.":[242],"block-type":[247],"classification":[248],"reached":[253],"about":[254],"95%.":[255],"These":[256],"detection":[258],"performances":[259],"demonstrate":[260],"effectiveness":[262],"approach.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-11-11T00:00:00"}
