{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307704734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393","title":"Efficacious GPR Implementations of Z-Transform-Based Hybrid LOD-FDTD with Subgridding Scheme: Theoretical Formalism and Numerical Study","display_name":"Efficacious GPR Implementations of Z-Transform-Based Hybrid LOD-FDTD with Subgridding Scheme: Theoretical Formalism and Numerical Study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307704734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5393/pdf?version=1666873751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5393/pdf?version=1666873751","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054082823","display_name":"Guoda Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9623-8114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoda Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008918470","display_name":"Ziheng Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036716884","display_name":"Guilin Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2175-3282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilin Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019520867","display_name":"Ming Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9132-8997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011530418","display_name":"Naixing Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6442-8266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naixing Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049963236","display_name":"Zhixiang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8023-9075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu\u2019an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 237000, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011530418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.4604,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61315764,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"5393","last_page":"5393"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.9734017848968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8062386512756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6099968552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.565215528011322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.47934895753860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.410372257232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3887433409690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.31064271926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2457457184791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2311054766178131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.13333329558372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.13198211789131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09503403306007385}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.9734017848968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8062386512756348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6099968552589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.565215528011322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.47934895753860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.410372257232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3887433409690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.31064271926879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2457457184791565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2311054766178131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.13333329558372498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13198211789131165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09503403306007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5393/pdf?version=1666873751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:86c07fb728c9474b8a0ac3c9a0a3a238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/86c07fb728c9474b8a0ac3c9a0a3a238","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 21, p 5393 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5393/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5393","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215393","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5393/pdf?version=1666873751","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1326588791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A2016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1477544716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Guangdong","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1596559949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2209708905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2981938667","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Shenzhen","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3757194791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4235535721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G45637380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51501147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5614076719","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020A1515011475","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7873247243","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A20164","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8400801390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20A201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G932851718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901274","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329174","display_name":"Shenzhen Municipal Science and Technology Innovation Council","ror":"https://ror.org/017n8df75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307704734.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307704734.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W145066576","https://openalex.org/W1965423816","https://openalex.org/W1971732412","https://openalex.org/W1994932083","https://openalex.org/W2015510320","https://openalex.org/W2015651615","https://openalex.org/W2020697031","https://openalex.org/W2051340215","https://openalex.org/W2065271770","https://openalex.org/W2076968919","https://openalex.org/W2114511512","https://openalex.org/W2118872777","https://openalex.org/W2122325233","https://openalex.org/W2127272874","https://openalex.org/W2136565144","https://openalex.org/W2137664060","https://openalex.org/W2138480628","https://openalex.org/W2142063750","https://openalex.org/W2168846340","https://openalex.org/W2202811667","https://openalex.org/W2325984875","https://openalex.org/W2411525022","https://openalex.org/W2508067297","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2556268019","https://openalex.org/W2557389860","https://openalex.org/W2605942254","https://openalex.org/W2758627514","https://openalex.org/W2773376508","https://openalex.org/W2796724122","https://openalex.org/W2803024735","https://openalex.org/W2810755187","https://openalex.org/W2896504261","https://openalex.org/W2914917628","https://openalex.org/W2946336849","https://openalex.org/W2947006289","https://openalex.org/W2964273268","https://openalex.org/W2981436374","https://openalex.org/W2993206477","https://openalex.org/W2995015775","https://openalex.org/W2995048597","https://openalex.org/W3004193582","https://openalex.org/W3101953716","https://openalex.org/W3203501360","https://openalex.org/W3209411380","https://openalex.org/W4206482501","https://openalex.org/W4213376979","https://openalex.org/W6802035506"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2513278879","https://openalex.org/W2087993138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground":[0],"penetrating":[1,22],"radar":[2,23],"(GPR)":[3],"forward":[4,93],"modeling":[5,163,291],"is":[6,26,52,74,96,157,174,184,205,285],"one":[7,84],"of":[8,19,29,36,45,62,68,85,119,143,213,258,261,323],"the":[9,16,31,43,49,55,60,64,86,100,110,120,123,133,141,144,151,164,171,177,181,187,193,197,201,210,214,216,222,227,236,241,249,276,282,324],"core":[10],"geophysical":[11],"research":[12],"topics":[13],"and":[14,34,76,264,266,305,321],"also":[15],"primary":[17],"task":[18],"simulating":[20,30,63],"ground":[21],"system.":[24],"It":[25,95],"a":[27],"process":[28,244],"propagation":[32],"laws":[33],"characteristics":[35,61],"electromagnetic":[37,69],"waves":[38],"in":[39,48,91,159,176,186,196,235,296,300],"simulated":[40],"space":[41],"when":[42],"distribution":[44],"internal":[46],"parameters":[47],"exploration":[50],"region":[51],"known.":[53],"And":[54],"finite-difference-time-domain":[56],"(FDTD)":[57],"method":[58,73,284],"has":[59,82,127],"space-time":[65],"transient":[66],"evolution":[67],"wave,":[70],"whose":[71],"numerical":[72,117,303],"simple":[75],"easy":[77],"to":[78,112,128,132,162,209,318],"program,":[79],"so":[80,239],"it":[81,268],"become":[83],"most":[87],"extensively":[88],"utilized":[89,234],"methods":[90,289],"GPR":[92,166,313],"modeling.":[94],"generally":[97],"known":[98],"that":[99,240],"conventional":[101],"FDTD":[102,145,155,183,288],"approach":[103,251],"requires":[104],"finer":[105],"uniform":[106,202],"Yee":[107],"cell":[108],"all":[109],"time":[111,218],"produce":[113],"satisfactory":[114],"accuracies":[115,320],"from":[116,221],"simulations":[118],"GPR.":[121],"However,":[122],"smaller":[124],"temporal":[125],"incremental":[126],"be":[129,233,246,253],"adopted":[130],"due":[131,208],"lower":[134],"spatial":[135],"incremental,":[136],"which":[137,190,225],"would":[138],"dramatically":[139],"weaken":[140],"advantage":[142],"method.":[146,326],"To":[147],"solve":[148],"this":[149,160,169,297],"issue,":[150],"subgridding-technique-based":[152],"hybrid":[153],"local-one-dimensional":[154],"(LOD-FDTD)":[156],"applied":[158],"work":[161],"classical":[165,312],"scenarios.":[167],"In":[168],"method,":[170,298],"unconditional-stable":[172],"LOD-FDTD":[173],"employed":[175],"fine-grid":[178,203],"domain,":[179,189],"while":[180],"traditional":[182],"used":[185],"coarse-grid":[188],"could":[191,232,245,252],"avoid":[192],"oversampling":[194],"problem":[195],"local":[198],"domain":[199,238],"if":[200],"scheme":[204],"adopted.":[206],"Meanwhile":[207],"unconditional":[211],"stability":[212,230],"LOD-FDTD,":[215],"larger":[217],"step,":[219],"derived":[220],"coarse":[223],"grid":[224],"satisfies":[226],"Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy":[228],"(CFL)":[229],"condition,":[231],"whole":[237],"long-time":[242],"interpolation":[243],"circumvented.":[247],"Additionally,":[248],"proposed":[250,325],"arbitrarily":[254],"adjusted":[255],"by":[256],"means":[257],"different":[259,311],"ratio":[260],"both":[262],"coarse-":[263],"fine-grid,":[265],"hence":[267],"holds":[269],"much":[270],"higher":[271],"generality.":[272],"As":[273],"compared":[274],"with":[275],"auxiliary":[277],"differential":[278],"equation":[279],"(ADE)":[280],"technique,":[281],"Z-transform":[283],"integrated":[286],"into":[287],"for":[290],"multi-pole":[292],"Debye-based":[293],"dispersive":[294],"media":[295],"resulting":[299],"more":[301],"direct":[302],"implementations":[304],"fewer":[306],"computing":[307],"steps.":[308],"Finally,":[309],"three":[310],"problems":[314],"are":[315],"carried":[316],"out":[317],"validate":[319],"efficiencies":[322]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2022-11-05T00:00:00"}
