{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307630849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373","title":"Convolutional Neural Networks for Agricultural Land Use Classification from Sentinel-2 Image Time Series","display_name":"Convolutional Neural Networks for Agricultural Land Use Classification from Sentinel-2 Image Time Series","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307630849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5373/pdf?version=1666856131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5373/pdf?version=1666856131","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068785447","display_name":"Alejandro-Mart\u00edn Sim\u00f3n S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-160X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro-Mart\u00edn Sim\u00f3n S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072300015","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez-Piqueras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-5731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez-Piqueras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065326327","display_name":"Luis de la Ossa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-7479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis de la Ossa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Systems Department, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Systems Department, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034646327","display_name":"Alfonso Calera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4271-2439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","display_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfonso Calera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and GIS Group, Regional Research Institute, Campus of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068785447"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":5.6022,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96370733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"5373","last_page":"5373"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.7577822804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.719953715801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6651110649108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6239897012710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5994942784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5780150890350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.532797634601593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5322798490524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.46438679099082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4443163573741913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.424408495426178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3839453458786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.32936349511146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1625629961490631}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.7577822804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.719953715801239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6651110649108887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6239897012710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5994942784309387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5780150890350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.532797634601593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5322798490524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46438679099082947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4443163573741913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.424408495426178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3839453458786011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32936349511146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1625629961490631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5373/pdf?version=1666856131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:816625afc40d46c2998673ea4e2589c5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/816625afc40d46c2998673ea4e2589c5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 21, p 5373 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5373/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5373","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215373","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215373","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5373/pdf?version=1666856131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2628364946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3443383049","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SBPLY/21/180501/000148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324466","display_name":"Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha","ror":"https://ror.org/05r78ng12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307630849.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307630849.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603725585","https://openalex.org/W1963809378","https://openalex.org/W1964728896","https://openalex.org/W1967788231","https://openalex.org/W1986760892","https://openalex.org/W2007397897","https://openalex.org/W2030801024","https://openalex.org/W2054072438","https://openalex.org/W2068094410","https://openalex.org/W2071401923","https://openalex.org/W2081345410","https://openalex.org/W2117812871","https://openalex.org/W2118037698","https://openalex.org/W2118899651","https://openalex.org/W2119615570","https://openalex.org/W2121025662","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2171599506","https://openalex.org/W2273708466","https://openalex.org/W2307094448","https://openalex.org/W2431738724","https://openalex.org/W2737391801","https://openalex.org/W2749937348","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W2769705177","https://openalex.org/W2786038065","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W2883026662","https://openalex.org/W2903282641","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2954216477","https://openalex.org/W2971953399","https://openalex.org/W2982438846","https://openalex.org/W2995103261","https://openalex.org/W3022738379","https://openalex.org/W3023192521","https://openalex.org/W3023560359","https://openalex.org/W3031909544","https://openalex.org/W3042807565","https://openalex.org/W3080294318","https://openalex.org/W3093130013","https://openalex.org/W3096462768","https://openalex.org/W3102127038","https://openalex.org/W3104839310","https://openalex.org/W3125937743","https://openalex.org/W3133823124","https://openalex.org/W3150731676","https://openalex.org/W3154440847","https://openalex.org/W3203256914","https://openalex.org/W4205549215","https://openalex.org/W4220836308","https://openalex.org/W4224065227","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6753602705","https://openalex.org/W6781926385","https://openalex.org/W6794613711","https://openalex.org/W7017226054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318664220","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"use":[1,117,192],"classification":[2,165],"(LUC)":[3],"is":[4,182],"the":[5,14,57,71],"process":[6,54],"of":[7,16,32,67,70,118],"providing":[8],"information":[9,73,103],"on":[10],"land":[11,21],"cover":[12],"and":[13,115,123,190],"types":[15],"human":[17],"activity":[18],"involved":[19],"in":[20,38,137,166],"use.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,181],"study,":[25],"we":[26,98],"perform":[27,162],"agricultural":[28],"LUC":[29,40,61],"using":[30,45],"sequences":[31],"multispectral":[33,76],"reflectance":[34],"Sentinel-2":[35],"images":[36],"taken":[37],"2018.":[39],"can":[41,178],"be":[42],"carried":[43],"out":[44],"machine":[46],"or":[47,94,148],"deep":[48],"learning":[49],"techniques.":[50],"Some":[51],"existing":[52],"models":[53,89,157],"data":[55],"at":[56],"pixel":[58,72,102],"level,":[59],"performing":[60],"successfully":[62],"with":[63],"a":[64,119,133,149,163,173,183],"reduced":[65],"number":[66],"images.":[68],"Part":[69],"corresponds":[74],"to":[75,100,110,121,161,168],"temporal":[77],"patterns":[78,113],"that,":[79],"despite":[80],"not":[81],"being":[82],"especially":[83],"complex,":[84],"might":[85],"remain":[86],"undetected":[87],"by":[88,146,154],"such":[90,112],"as":[91,104,109],"random":[92,144],"forests":[93],"multilayer":[95,152],"perceptrons.":[96],"Thus,":[97],"propose":[99],"arrange":[101],"2D":[105],"yearly":[106],"fingerprints":[107],"so":[108],"render":[111],"explicit":[114],"make":[116],"CNN":[120],"model":[122],"capture":[124],"them.":[125],"The":[126],"results":[127],"show":[128],"that":[129,180],"our":[130],"proposal":[131],"reaches":[132],"91%":[134],"weighted":[135],"accuracy":[136],"classifying":[138],"pixels":[139],"among":[140],"19":[141],"classes,":[142],"outperforming":[143],"forest":[145],"8%,":[147],"specifically":[150],"tuned":[151],"perceptron":[153],"4%.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"were":[158],"also":[159],"used":[160],"ternary":[164],"order":[167],"detect":[169],"irrigated":[170],"fields,":[171],"reaching":[172],"97%":[174],"global":[175],"accuracy.":[176],"We":[177],"conclude":[179],"promising":[184],"operational":[185],"tool":[186],"for":[187],"monitoring":[188],"crops":[189],"water":[191],"over":[193],"large":[194],"areas.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}