{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307546654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362","title":"Weakly Supervised Object Detection for Remote Sensing Images: A Survey","display_name":"Weakly Supervised Object Detection for Remote Sensing Images: A Survey","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307546654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5362/pdf?version=1666791598","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5362/pdf?version=1666791598","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031670400","display_name":"Corrado Fasana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-210X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado Fasana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075361062","display_name":"Samuele Pasini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7900-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuele Pasini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089019752","display_name":"Federico Milani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-2228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Federico Milani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024296934","display_name":"Piero Fraternali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-2625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piero Fraternali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089019752"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.732,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85979835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"5362","last_page":"5362"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.822171151638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6197306513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6052122116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5955880880355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.5025315284729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4720880687236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4609312415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.4559082090854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4555772840976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3676125407218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.20952275395393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09683281183242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.09645998477935791}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.822171151638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6197306513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6052122116088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5955880880355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.5025315284729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4720880687236786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4609312415122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.4559082090854645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4555772840976715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3676125407218933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.20952275395393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09683281183242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09645998477935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5362/pdf?version=1666791598","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b1b127718c446b98c7c753c61790284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b1b127718c446b98c7c753c61790284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 21, p 5362 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/21/5362/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 21; Pages: 5362","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1231391","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14215362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215362","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/21/5362/pdf?version=1666791598","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307546654.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307546654.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93877342","https://openalex.org/W189596042","https://openalex.org/W832971097","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1605734327","https://openalex.org/W1994488211","https://openalex.org/W2005368619","https://openalex.org/W2006623133","https://openalex.org/W2017448754","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2049677900","https://openalex.org/W2061629163","https://openalex.org/W2085625911","https://openalex.org/W2087697413","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2088805832","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2108745803","https://openalex.org/W2110119381","https://openalex.org/W2120109270","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2152449524","https://openalex.org/W2167220279","https://openalex.org/W2270801692","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2412558220","https://openalex.org/W2494236530","https://openalex.org/W2558525954","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2592962403","https://openalex.org/W2604260814","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2769613401","https://openalex.org/W2779335303","https://openalex.org/W2798748179","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2889081631","https://openalex.org/W2889835342","https://openalex.org/W2902687566","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962867364","https://openalex.org/W2963603913","https://openalex.org/W2964073328","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2973687886","https://openalex.org/W2987156020","https://openalex.org/W2987562664","https://openalex.org/W2990371274","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W3019659794","https://openalex.org/W3024127982","https://openalex.org/W3026303927","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3035318183","https://openalex.org/W3035725370","https://openalex.org/W3039368862","https://openalex.org/W3046170906","https://openalex.org/W3081366416","https://openalex.org/W3082852483","https://openalex.org/W3097947628","https://openalex.org/W3105054740","https://openalex.org/W3147184966","https://openalex.org/W3152976550","https://openalex.org/W3159196909","https://openalex.org/W3160329607","https://openalex.org/W3161218832","https://openalex.org/W3164897814","https://openalex.org/W3172509672","https://openalex.org/W3176608652","https://openalex.org/W3188615767","https://openalex.org/W3198296433","https://openalex.org/W3198879287","https://openalex.org/W3211275601","https://openalex.org/W3214436241","https://openalex.org/W3214677295","https://openalex.org/W4205574701","https://openalex.org/W4207055281","https://openalex.org/W4210618466","https://openalex.org/W4212814976","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4223948957","https://openalex.org/W4224247055","https://openalex.org/W4225590475","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4236476849","https://openalex.org/W4256669726","https://openalex.org/W4283697304","https://openalex.org/W4285209130","https://openalex.org/W4285257729","https://openalex.org/W4285293152","https://openalex.org/W4286634504","https://openalex.org/W4288455760","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6676245398","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6796678513"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"development":[2,54],"of":[3,10,20,23,32,55,62,80,122,129,161,165,175,201,204],"remote":[4,130,145,166],"sensing":[5,131,146,167],"technologies":[6],"and":[7,13,72,86,125,149,198],"the":[8,18,48,53,114,119,127,162,176,183,192],"availability":[9],"many":[11,108],"satellite":[12],"aerial":[14,41],"sensors":[15],"have":[16,90],"boosted":[17],"collection":[19],"large":[21],"volumes":[22],"high-resolution":[24],"images,":[25],"promoting":[26],"progress":[27],"in":[28,40,47,118],"a":[29,35,59,77,158,199],"wide":[30],"range":[31],"applications.":[33],"As":[34],"consequence,":[36],"Object":[37],"detection":[38,87,171],"(OD)":[39],"images":[42,138,147],"has":[43],"gained":[44],"much":[45],"interest":[46],"last":[49],"few":[50],"years.":[51],"However,":[52,107],"object":[56,83,105,170],"detectors":[57],"requires":[58],"massive":[60],"amount":[61],"carefully":[63,152],"labeled":[64],"data.":[65],"Since":[66],"annotating":[67],"datasets":[68,195],"is":[69,181,207],"very":[70],"time-consuming":[71],"may":[73,139,150],"require":[74,151],"expert":[75],"knowledge,":[76],"consistent":[78],"number":[79],"weakly":[81,168],"supervised":[82,169],"localization":[84],"(WSOL)":[85],"(WSOD)":[88],"methods":[89,134],"been":[91],"developed.":[92],"These":[93],"approaches":[94,124],"exploit":[95],"only":[96],"coarse-grained":[97],"metadata,":[98],"typically":[99],"whole":[100],"image":[101],"labels,":[102],"to":[103,113,126,144,179,187],"train":[104],"detectors.":[106],"challenges":[109,177],"remain":[110],"open":[111],"due":[112],"missing":[115],"location":[116],"information":[117],"training":[120],"process":[121],"WSOD":[123,189],"complexity":[128],"images.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"studied":[135],"for":[136],"natural":[137],"not":[140],"be":[141],"directly":[142],"applicable":[143],"(RSI)":[148],"designed":[153],"adaptations.":[154],"This":[155],"work":[156],"provides":[157],"comprehensive":[159],"survey":[160],"recent":[163],"achievements":[164],"(RSWSOD).":[172],"An":[173],"analysis":[174],"related":[178],"RSWSOD":[180,205],"presented,":[182],"advanced":[184],"techniques":[185],"developed":[186],"improve":[188],"are":[190,196],"summarized,":[191],"available":[193],"benchmarking":[194],"described":[197],"discussion":[200],"future":[202],"directions":[203],"research":[206],"provided.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
