{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306398730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135","title":"U-Net for Taiwan Shoreline Detection from SAR Images","display_name":"U-Net for Taiwan Shoreline Detection from SAR Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306398730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5135/pdf?version=1666690352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5135/pdf?version=1666690352","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012584806","display_name":"Lena Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2916-1775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153512688","display_name":"National Taiwan Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bvvnt49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153512688"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lena Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communications, Navigation and Control Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan","The Intelligent Maritime Research Center (IMRC), National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communications, Navigation and Control Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153512688"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Intelligent Maritime Research Center (IMRC), National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153512688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348274","display_name":"Yi-Ting Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6537-8926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153512688","display_name":"National Taiwan Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03bvvnt49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153512688"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Ting Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153512688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110850552","display_name":"Meng-Che Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166867","display_name":"National Institutes of Applied Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcstg80","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128167","https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79291875","display_name":"Taiwan Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03dcxwy38","country_code":"TW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79291875"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Che Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Organization, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Organization, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79291875","https://openalex.org/I4210166867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039216954","display_name":"Mohammad Alkhaleefah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-7483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alkhaleefah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021355026","display_name":"Yang-Lang Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5834-1057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang-Lang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106344, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021355026"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.9427,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94062678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"5135","last_page":"5135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shore","display_name":"Shore","score":0.7966392040252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landform","display_name":"Landform","score":0.5871506333351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5519161820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5241906046867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4885631501674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.46337926387786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33246976137161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.307611882686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.17359936237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.13422849774360657}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.7966392040252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108497213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271669","display_name":"Landform","level":2,"score":0.5871506333351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5519161820411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5241906046867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4885631501674652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.46337926387786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33246976137161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.307611882686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.17359936237335205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.13422849774360657}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5135/pdf?version=1666690352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61a9f234ee85403a82f38b9470de80ba","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61a9f234ee85403a82f38b9470de80ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 20, p 5135 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/20/5135/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 20; Pages: 5135","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5135/pdf?version=1666690352","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1662538391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2221-E-027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1835757181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSPO-S-110244","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324517","funder_display_name":"National Space Organization"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7160539585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324517","display_name":"National Space Organization","ror":"https://ror.org/03dcxwy38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306398730.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306398730.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46659105","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1951817746","https://openalex.org/W1965362766","https://openalex.org/W1969807011","https://openalex.org/W1972600947","https://openalex.org/W1974447969","https://openalex.org/W2036043464","https://openalex.org/W2036524212","https://openalex.org/W2038182754","https://openalex.org/W2077567018","https://openalex.org/W2085845644","https://openalex.org/W2107774476","https://openalex.org/W2114666101","https://openalex.org/W2127070009","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2156567817","https://openalex.org/W2292302010","https://openalex.org/W2462519852","https://openalex.org/W2468046475","https://openalex.org/W2603933567","https://openalex.org/W2808611531","https://openalex.org/W2908142597","https://openalex.org/W2963859992","https://openalex.org/W2965521953","https://openalex.org/W2982461770","https://openalex.org/W2984762222","https://openalex.org/W3135352607","https://openalex.org/W3172778987","https://openalex.org/W3173920492","https://openalex.org/W6602002561","https://openalex.org/W6696771303","https://openalex.org/W6718557127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3178049752","https://openalex.org/W2373784975","https://openalex.org/W2606531105","https://openalex.org/W4385704418","https://openalex.org/W2367991724","https://openalex.org/W1667702539","https://openalex.org/W3014868392","https://openalex.org/W2350846807","https://openalex.org/W2554007449","https://openalex.org/W4252699458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Climate":[0],"change":[1,265],"and":[2,12,46,55,125,141,173,187,243,292],"global":[3],"warming":[4],"lead":[5],"to":[6,19,26,109,117,136,190,227,299],"changes":[7],"in":[8,51,113,233,263],"the":[9,29,39,42,47,52,69,84,90,102,110,114,120,127,138,166,192,199,210,214,218,221,240,244,248,251,258,274,280,289,293,300],"sea":[10],"level":[11],"shoreline,":[13],"which":[14],"pose":[15],"a":[16,34,150,204,236,270],"huge":[17],"threat":[18],"island":[20],"regions.":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"it":[23],"is":[24,33,56],"important":[25],"effectively":[27],"detect":[28],"shoreline":[30,60,77,132,242,264,282,295],"changes.":[31,61],"Taiwan":[32,65,98,224,284],"typical":[35],"island,":[36],"located":[37,272],"at":[38],"junction":[40],"of":[41,97,123,149,152,160,165,179,220,223,250,260,277,283],"East":[43],"China":[44,49],"Sea":[45,50],"South":[48],"Pacific":[53],"Northwest,":[54],"deeply":[57],"affected":[58],"by":[59,170,184,217,288],"In":[62,72,100,256],"this":[63,73,261],"research,":[64,74],"was":[66,80,107,134,267,297],"selected":[67],"as":[68],"study":[70],"area.":[71],"an":[75],"efficient":[76],"detection":[78,144,186,206,266],"method":[79,201,253,262],"proposed":[81,200,252,290],"based":[82],"on":[83,273],"semantic":[85],"segmentation":[86,177],"U-Net":[87,115,124,139,180],"model":[88,140],"using":[89,213],"Sentinel-1":[91],"synthetic":[92],"aperture":[93],"radar":[94],"(SAR)":[95],"data":[96,215],"island.":[99],"addition,":[101,257],"batch":[103],"normalization":[104],"(BN)":[105],"module":[106],"added":[108],"convolution":[111],"layers":[112],"architecture":[116],"further":[118],"improve":[119],"generalization":[121],"ability":[122],"accelerate":[126],"training":[128,163],"process.":[129],"A":[130],"self-built":[131],"dataset":[133,147,167],"introduced":[135],"train":[137],"test":[142],"its":[143],"efficiency.":[145],"The":[146,162,176,194],"consists":[148],"total":[151],"4029":[153],"SAR":[154],"images":[155],"covering":[156],"all":[157],"coastal":[158,231],"areas":[159],"Taiwan.":[161,234,278],"samples":[164],"were":[168,181],"annotated":[169],"morphological":[171,188],"processing":[172],"manual":[174],"inspection.":[175],"results":[178,196],"then":[182],"processed":[183],"edge":[185],"postprocessing":[189],"extract":[191],"shoreline.":[193],"experimental":[195],"showed":[197],"that":[198],"could":[202],"achieve":[203],"satisfactory":[205],"performance":[207],"compared":[208],"with":[209,269],"related":[211],"methods":[212],"provided":[216],"Ministry":[219],"Interior":[222],"from":[225],"2016":[226],"2019":[228],"for":[229],"different":[230],"landforms":[232],"Within":[235],"5-pixel":[237],"difference":[238],"between":[239],"detected":[241,294],"ground":[245],"truth":[246],"data,":[247],"F1-Meaure":[249],"exceeded":[254],"80%.":[255],"potential":[259],"validated":[268],"sandbar":[271],"southwestern":[275],"coast":[276],"Finally,":[279],"entire":[281],"has":[285],"been":[286],"described":[287],"approach":[291],"length":[296],"close":[298],"actual":[301],"length.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
