{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306153682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114","title":"A Land Cover Background-Adaptive Framework for Large-Scale Road Extraction","display_name":"A Land Cover Background-Adaptive Framework for Large-Scale Road Extraction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306153682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5114/pdf?version=1666854500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5114/pdf?version=1666854500","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100711787","display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5693-5353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765303","display_name":"Hao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4423-3562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034961228","display_name":"Guangmin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-5456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guangmin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047803330","display_name":"Zifeng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-3507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zifeng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101948009","display_name":"Yuanzhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9244-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164580","display_name":"National Astronomical Observatories","ror":"https://ror.org/058pyyv44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210164580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Deep-Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Deep-Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164580","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100657593","display_name":"Hongsheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6135-9442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongsheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034961228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.8813,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71192075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"20","first_page":"5114","last_page":"5114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7475396394729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.667634129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5502762794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5362789630889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.4962642788887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.48338428139686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3767619729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.3553861379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33872324228286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21427595615386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1704331934452057}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7475396394729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.667634129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5502762794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5362789630889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.4962642788887024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.48338428139686584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3767619729042053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3553861379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33872324228286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21427595615386963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1704331934452057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5114/pdf?version=1666854500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec42382a03e74a9da1a23506ec76408a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ec42382a03e74a9da1a23506ec76408a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 20, p 5114 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/350107","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/350107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/20/5114/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 20; Pages: 5114","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14205114","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205114","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/20/5114/pdf?version=1666854500","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1283236461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KM202110005024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G37568934","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4888407061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4102010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6064895822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFA075104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6156849968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41706201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7346095476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB41020100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7539905487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G826173801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFA075104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306153682.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306153682.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W73112891","https://openalex.org/W1591591348","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1969807011","https://openalex.org/W1995450389","https://openalex.org/W2053077052","https://openalex.org/W2081294768","https://openalex.org/W2087252944","https://openalex.org/W2103868202","https://openalex.org/W2132267679","https://openalex.org/W2163923520","https://openalex.org/W2242337840","https://openalex.org/W2418853085","https://openalex.org/W2483347049","https://openalex.org/W2510301314","https://openalex.org/W2550934638","https://openalex.org/W2617415476","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2735039185","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2801760242","https://openalex.org/W2893801697","https://openalex.org/W2953894663","https://openalex.org/W2971574275","https://openalex.org/W2996102538","https://openalex.org/W3006707799","https://openalex.org/W3021297918","https://openalex.org/W3048064159","https://openalex.org/W3085291485","https://openalex.org/W3085610647","https://openalex.org/W3086017879","https://openalex.org/W3090227540","https://openalex.org/W3104825134","https://openalex.org/W3105636206","https://openalex.org/W3196153385","https://openalex.org/W3207200417","https://openalex.org/W3214248441","https://openalex.org/W4200512530","https://openalex.org/W4210692941","https://openalex.org/W4210789288","https://openalex.org/W4211171145","https://openalex.org/W4220820843","https://openalex.org/W6684165761","https://openalex.org/W6786289000","https://openalex.org/W6800535350","https://openalex.org/W6804177484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020734820","https://openalex.org/W3133615129","https://openalex.org/W2087854757","https://openalex.org/W2188959887","https://openalex.org/W2373152553","https://openalex.org/W2972049582","https://openalex.org/W4389201442","https://openalex.org/W2386169820","https://openalex.org/W604251607","https://openalex.org/W3170595163"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Road":[1],"network":[2,34,279],"data":[3],"are":[4,105,215],"crucial":[5],"in":[6,252,263,282],"various":[7],"applications,":[8],"such":[9],"as":[10,115,137,182,293,295],"emergency":[11],"response,":[12],"urban":[13],"planning,":[14],"and":[15,30,129,212,221,235,255],"transportation":[16],"management.":[17],"The":[18,218,258,272],"recent":[19],"application":[20],"of":[21,32,57,100,111,127,160,200,275,286,309],"deep":[22,316],"neural":[23,317],"networks":[24,289],"has":[25],"significantly":[26],"boosted":[27],"the":[28,68,72,75,116,124,138,153,158,173,179,198,201,204,227,242,276,283,307],"efficiency":[29],"accuracy":[31],"road":[33,46,59,94,169,205,250,288],"extraction":[35,47,56,170,206,251,285],"based":[36,196,314],"on":[37,178,197,226,248,315],"remote":[38,311],"sensing":[39,312],"data.":[40],"However,":[41],"most":[42],"existing":[43],"methods":[44],"for":[45,92,306],"were":[48,224],"designed":[49],"at":[50],"local":[51],"or":[52],"regional":[53],"scales.":[54],"Automatic":[55],"large-scale":[58,93,249,287,310],"datasets":[60],"from":[61,107,290],"satellite":[62,291],"images":[63,155,180,292],"remains":[64],"challenging":[65],"due":[66],"to":[67,123,151,157],"complex":[69],"background":[70,139],"around":[71],"roads,":[73],"especially":[74],"complicated":[76],"land":[77,88,140,162,187],"cover":[78,89,141],"types.":[79],"To":[80],"tackle":[81],"this":[82,84,264],"issue,":[83],"paper":[85],"proposes":[86],"a":[87,112,191,303],"background-adaptive":[90,278],"framework":[91,244],"extraction.":[95],"Method:":[96],"A":[97,143],"large":[98],"number":[99],"sample":[101,154],"image":[102],"blocks":[103],"(6820)":[104],"selected":[106],"six":[108],"different":[109],"countries":[110],"wide":[113],"region":[114],"dataset.":[117],"OpenStreetMap":[118],"(OSM)":[119],"is":[120,135,148,176,194],"automatically":[121],"converted":[122],"ground":[125],"truth":[126],"networks,":[128],"Esri":[130],"2020":[131],"Land":[132],"Cover":[133],"Dataset":[134],"taken":[136],"information.":[142],"fuzzy":[144],"C-means":[145,259],"clustering":[146,260,269],"algorithm":[147,222,261],"first":[149],"applied":[150,262],"cluster":[152],"according":[156],"proportion":[159],"certain":[161,186],"use":[163,188],"types":[164],"that":[165,185,241],"obviously":[166],"negatively":[167],"affect":[168],"performance.":[171],"Then,":[172],"specific":[174,213],"model":[175,193],"trained":[177,195],"clustered":[181],"abundant":[183],"with":[184],"type,":[189],"while":[190],"general":[192,211],"rest":[199],"images.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"results":[207,239],"obtained":[208],"by":[209],"those":[210],"modes":[214],"combined.":[216],"Results:":[217],"dataset":[219],"selection":[220],"implementation":[223],"conducted":[225],"cloud-based":[228],"geoinformation":[229],"platform":[230],"Google":[231,236],"Earth":[232],"Engine":[233],"(GEE)":[234],"Colaboratory.":[237],"Experimental":[238],"showed":[240],"proposed":[243,277],"achieved":[245],"stronger":[246],"adaptivity":[247],"both":[253],"visual":[254],"statistical":[256],"analysis.":[257],"study":[265,308],"outperformed":[266],"other":[267,296],"hard":[268],"algorithms.":[270],"Significance:":[271],"promising":[273],"potential":[274],"was":[280],"demonstrated":[281,302],"automatic":[284],"well":[294],"object":[297],"detection":[298],"tasks.":[299],"This":[300],"search":[301],"new":[304],"paradigm":[305],"applications":[313],"networks.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
