{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4303980525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037","title":"Gradient Boosting and Linear Regression for Estimating Coastal Bathymetry Based on Sentinel-2 Images","display_name":"Gradient Boosting and Linear Regression for Estimating Coastal Bathymetry Based on Sentinel-2 Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4303980525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14195037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/5037/pdf?version=1665461647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/5037/pdf?version=1665461647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044875230","display_name":"Fahim Abdul Gafoor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahim Abdul Gafoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110840749","display_name":"Maryam R. Al-Shehhi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam R. Al-Shehhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091279969","display_name":"Chung-Suk Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1837-3553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chung-Suk Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076317986","display_name":"Hosni Ghedira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5882-289X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hosni Ghedira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110840749"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.299,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87607296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"5037","last_page":"5037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9781000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bathymetry","display_name":"Bathymetry","score":0.9646553993225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6973543763160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6257995367050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5827779173851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.4755915403366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4533677399158478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3954314589500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38257837295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.37660452723503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.17099404335021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10770907998085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.0926010012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.09095758199691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06702378392219543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174943157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810826","display_name":"Bathymetry","level":2,"score":0.9646553993225098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6973543763160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6257995367050171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5827779173851013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4755915403366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4533677399158478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3954314589500427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38257837295532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.37660452723503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.17099404335021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10770907998085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0926010012626648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.09095758199691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06702378392219543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14195037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/5037/pdf?version=1665461647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02b426335ead4466aa9e42ed0ad77b78","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02b426335ead4466aa9e42ed0ad77b78","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 5037 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/19/5037/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 19; Pages: 5037","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14195037","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14195037","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/5037/pdf?version=1665461647","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322334","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303980525.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303980525.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971689326","https://openalex.org/W1976443904","https://openalex.org/W1982794055","https://openalex.org/W2088794999","https://openalex.org/W2105012295","https://openalex.org/W2153911427","https://openalex.org/W2183677072","https://openalex.org/W2299801329","https://openalex.org/W2407322370","https://openalex.org/W2783958285","https://openalex.org/W2790363406","https://openalex.org/W2806298059","https://openalex.org/W2898152049","https://openalex.org/W2899161953","https://openalex.org/W2913485255","https://openalex.org/W2936132604","https://openalex.org/W2945963590","https://openalex.org/W3040472426","https://openalex.org/W3041108456","https://openalex.org/W3046153628","https://openalex.org/W3088182663","https://openalex.org/W3158660925","https://openalex.org/W3194501064","https://openalex.org/W3195850422","https://openalex.org/W3197052538","https://openalex.org/W3215229248","https://openalex.org/W4214624819","https://openalex.org/W6761240365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thousands":[0],"of":[1,15,22,29,61,79,84,154,236,244,274],"vessels":[2],"travel":[3],"around":[4],"the":[5,10,20,77,134,150,176,190,195,201,206,247,258],"world":[6],"every":[7],"day,":[8],"making":[9],"safety,":[11],"efficiency,":[12],"and":[13,35,144,166,170,194,223,252],"optimization":[14],"marine":[16],"transportation":[17],"essential.":[18],"Therefore,":[19],"knowledge":[21],"bathymetry":[23,96,114,136,237],"is":[24,87,111],"crucial":[25],"for":[26,53,93,113,125],"a":[27,90,145,268],"variety":[28],"maritime":[30],"applications,":[31],"such":[32],"as":[33,116,118],"shipping":[34],"navigation.":[36],"Maritime":[37],"applications":[38],"have":[39],"benefited":[40],"from":[41],"recent":[42],"advancements":[43],"in":[44,73,185],"satellite":[45,71,272],"navigation":[46],"technology,":[47],"which":[48,110,122],"can":[49],"utilize":[50],"multi-spectral":[51],"bands":[52,153],"retrieving":[54],"information":[55],"on":[56],"water":[57],"depth.":[58],"As":[59],"part":[60],"these":[62],"efforts,":[63],"this":[64,85,186,245],"study":[65,86,187],"combined":[66],"deep":[67],"learning":[68],"techniques":[69],"with":[70,212],"observations":[72],"order":[74],"to":[75,88,105,140,174,188,200,203,218,232,242,266],"improve":[76],"estimation":[78],"satellite-based":[80],"bathymetry.":[81,127,260,275],"The":[82,128,225],"objective":[83],"develop":[89],"new":[91,146],"method":[92,228],"estimating":[94,126],"coastal":[95],"using":[97,133,149],"Sentinel-2":[98,100],"images.":[99],"was":[101,142,156,172,182,229],"used":[102],"here":[103],"due":[104],"its":[106,119],"high":[107],"spatial":[108],"resolution,":[109],"desirable":[112],"maps,":[115],"well":[117],"visible":[120,152],"bands,":[121],"are":[123],"useful":[124],"conventional":[129,191],"linear":[130,239],"model":[131],"approach":[132],"satellite-derived":[135],"(SDB)":[137],"ratio":[138,148,193,208],"(green":[139],"blue)":[141],"applied,":[143],"four-band":[147],"four":[151],"Sentienl-2":[155],"proposed.":[157],"In":[158],"addition,":[159],"three":[160],"atmospheric":[161,253],"correction":[162],"models,":[163],"Sen2Cor,":[164],"ALOCITE,":[165],"C2RCC,":[167],"were":[168,264],"evaluated,":[169],"Sen2Cor":[171],"found":[173,231,265],"be":[175,267],"most":[177],"effective":[178],"model.":[179],"Gradient":[180],"boosting":[181,227],"also":[183,230],"applied":[184,217],"both":[189],"band":[192],"proposed":[196,207],"FVBR":[197,209],"ratio.":[198],"Compared":[199],"green":[202],"blue":[204],"ratio,":[205],"performed":[210],"better,":[211],"R2":[213],"exceeding":[214],"0.8":[215],"when":[216],"12":[219],"snapshots":[220],"between":[221],"January":[222],"December.":[224],"gradient":[226],"provide":[233],"better":[234],"estimates":[235,273],"than":[238],"regression.":[240],"According":[241],"findings":[243],"study,":[246],"chlorophyll-a":[248],"(Chl-a)":[249],"concentration,":[250],"sediments,":[251],"dust":[254],"do":[255],"not":[256],"affect":[257],"estimated":[259],"However,":[261],"tidal":[262],"oscillations":[263],"significant":[269],"factor":[270],"affecting":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}