{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4303980736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909","title":"Application of Random Forest Algorithm on Tornado Detection","display_name":"Application of Random Forest Algorithm on Tornado Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4303980736","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4909/pdf?version=1665465053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4909/pdf?version=1665465053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058930904","display_name":"Qiangyu Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1123-2790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiangyu Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004527664","display_name":"Zhipeng Qing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8295-506X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Qing","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041835383","display_name":"Ming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8986-1995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055022742","display_name":"Fugui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fugui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100663938","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0090-2840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008511911","display_name":"Yin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6361-0429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097298","display_name":"Jiangsu Provincial Meteorological Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/00t1yh273","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Meteorological Observation Center, Nanjing 210041, China","State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Meteorological Observation Center, Nanjing 210041, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102050015","display_name":"Zhao Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110942746","display_name":"Qiu Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24201400","display_name":"Chengdu University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yxwrh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiu Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CMA Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Sounding, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041835383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24201400"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.0867,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74633264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"4909","last_page":"4909"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tornado","display_name":"Tornado","score":0.97231125831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6395325064659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6130951642990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5269580483436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.510344922542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-radar","display_name":"Weather radar","score":0.5050783753395081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.46083858609199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4475093483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4227941334247589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19350135326385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1267038881778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11070305109024048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190930322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8081","display_name":"Tornado","level":2,"score":0.97231125831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6395325064659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6130951642990112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5269580483436584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.510344922542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92237259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863343","display_name":"Weather radar","level":3,"score":0.5050783753395081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.46083858609199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4475093483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4227941334247589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19350135326385498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1267038881778717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11070305109024048}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4909/pdf?version=1665465053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0993b107d3bd420f9641beaa4025f8f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0993b107d3bd420f9641beaa4025f8f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 4909 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/19/4909/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 19; Pages: 4909","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194909","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194909","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4909/pdf?version=1665465053","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1618556212","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFS0541","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1738824437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021KLAS01M","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2307862548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KZ202203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4478590405","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020LASW-B11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G561769030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFS0541","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322922","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6403769006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2061","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G747948300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203AC100021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G802844360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC01506100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G838744326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020ZYD051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322922","funder_display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8728048384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020ZYD051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322922","display_name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/04323m874"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303980736.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4303980736.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536566981","https://openalex.org/W1872922779","https://openalex.org/W1966112462","https://openalex.org/W1966535465","https://openalex.org/W1995749891","https://openalex.org/W2000229895","https://openalex.org/W2002889422","https://openalex.org/W2016023958","https://openalex.org/W2024518325","https://openalex.org/W2031008360","https://openalex.org/W2044727817","https://openalex.org/W2059056443","https://openalex.org/W2071013373","https://openalex.org/W2097949158","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2108436625","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2122210511","https://openalex.org/W2123684716","https://openalex.org/W2125024239","https://openalex.org/W2129833860","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2155261478","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2180123772","https://openalex.org/W2417137833","https://openalex.org/W2522747841","https://openalex.org/W2625435242","https://openalex.org/W2743594598","https://openalex.org/W2764244754","https://openalex.org/W2772300464","https://openalex.org/W2775012008","https://openalex.org/W2775168339","https://openalex.org/W2799565130","https://openalex.org/W2890751669","https://openalex.org/W2905657660","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2918408501","https://openalex.org/W2944401992","https://openalex.org/W2944954104","https://openalex.org/W2950724842","https://openalex.org/W2998768810","https://openalex.org/W3014703899","https://openalex.org/W3025786591","https://openalex.org/W3044056306","https://openalex.org/W3073624950","https://openalex.org/W3121258721","https://openalex.org/W3122688098","https://openalex.org/W3124066976","https://openalex.org/W3171614790","https://openalex.org/W4210789118","https://openalex.org/W4211064294","https://openalex.org/W4220693595","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4286283884","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6753168315"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238948966","https://openalex.org/W2989911667","https://openalex.org/W1995749891","https://openalex.org/W3160669037","https://openalex.org/W2798120804","https://openalex.org/W1956261981","https://openalex.org/W4252850271","https://openalex.org/W3086160891","https://openalex.org/W2366487767","https://openalex.org/W2370463647"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tornadoes":[0],"are":[1,40,142],"highly":[2],"destructive":[3],"small-scale":[4],"extreme":[5],"weather":[6,12,110],"processes":[7],"in":[8,132],"the":[9,17,24,49,68,71,78,90,103,146,151,186,193,214,225,238,250],"troposphere.":[10],"The":[11,31,113,154,227],"radar":[13,38,79,111,133],"is":[14,74,96,158,234,240],"one":[15],"of":[16,29,70,102,108,156,166,195,207,232],"most":[18],"effective":[19],"remote":[20],"sensing":[21],"devices":[22],"for":[23,98],"monitoring":[25],"and":[26,42,67,122,128,149,178,202,210,218,220,237,253],"early":[27],"warning":[28],"tornadoes.":[30],"existing":[32],"tornado":[33,50,55,100,138,147,229,251],"detection":[34,51,72,196],"algorithms":[35],"based":[36,53,88],"on":[37,54,89],"data":[39,80,139,162],"unsupervised":[41],"have":[43],"strict":[44],"multi-altitude":[45],"constraints,":[46],"such":[47],"as":[48],"algorithm":[52,73,87,95,115],"vortex":[56],"signatures":[57],"(TDA-TVS),":[58],"which":[59],"may":[60],"lead":[61],"to":[62,119,126,144,176,182,185,224,249,256],"high":[63],"false":[64,198],"alarm":[65,199],"rates,":[66],"performance":[69,155],"greatly":[75],"affected":[76],"by":[77],"quality":[81],"control":[82],"algorithm.":[83],"A":[84],"novel":[85],"TDA-RF":[86,114,152,157,188,215,233,243],"random":[91],"forest":[92],"(RF)":[93],"classification":[94,246],"proposed":[97],"real-time":[99],"identification":[101],"S-band":[104],"China":[105],"new":[106],"generation":[107,252],"Doppler":[109],"(CINRAD-SA).":[112],"uses":[116],"velocity":[117,129],"features":[118,124],"identify":[120],"tornadoes":[121,165],"adds":[123],"related":[125],"reflectivity":[127],"spectrum":[130],"width":[131],"level-II":[134],"data.":[135],"Historical":[136],"CINRAD-SA":[137,161],"from":[140,163,174,180],"2006\u20132015":[141],"used":[143],"construct":[145],"dataset":[148],"train":[150],"model.":[153],"evaluated":[159],"using":[160],"five":[164],"2016\u20132020":[167],"with":[168,192],"enhanced":[169],"Fujita(EF)":[170],"scale":[171],"ratings":[172],"ranging":[173],"EF0":[175],"EF4":[177],"distances":[179],"10":[181],"130":[183],"km":[184],"radar.":[187],"performs":[189],"well":[190],"overall":[191],"probability":[194,247],"(POD),":[197],"ratio":[200],"(FAR),":[201],"critical":[203],"success":[204],"index":[205],"(CSI)":[206],"71%,":[208],"29%,":[209],"55%,":[211],"respectively.":[212],"Moreover,":[213],"improves":[216],"POD":[217],"CSI,":[219],"reduces":[221],"FAR":[222],"compared":[223],"TDA-TVS.":[226],"maximum":[228],"early-warning":[230],"time":[231],"17":[235],"min,":[236],"average":[239],"6":[241],"min;":[242],"can":[244],"provide":[245],"according":[248],"development":[254],"process":[255],"facilitate":[257],"tracking":[258],"ability.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2022-10-10T00:00:00"}