{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4298005624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836","title":"Automatic Defect Detection of Pavement Diseases","display_name":"Automatic Defect Detection of Pavement Diseases","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4298005624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4836/pdf?version=1664359279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4836/pdf?version=1664359279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005817259","display_name":"Langyue Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Langyue Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615576","display_name":"Yiquan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0194-8042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiquan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034517419","display_name":"Xudong Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xudong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101971645","display_name":"Yubin Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-7942"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yubin Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101615576"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":2.6326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89441448,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"4836","last_page":"4836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10264","display_name":"Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7935875654220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.7048105597496033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6600202322006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.569161057472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5672606229782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.5647090077400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5624266862869263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5331354141235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.516154408454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4964767098426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46804118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4359641373157501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36871886253356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.2856735289096832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13308227062225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12110424041748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.08963829278945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.06204000115394592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7935875654220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.7048105597496033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6600202322006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.569161057472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5672606229782104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.5647090077400208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5624266862869263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5331354141235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.516154408454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4964767098426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46804118156433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4359641373157501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36871886253356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2856735289096832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13308227062225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12110424041748047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.08963829278945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.06204000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4836/pdf?version=1664359279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8a629e8fce5942c1bb368382a9a0a056","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8a629e8fce5942c1bb368382a9a0a056","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 4836 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/19/4836/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 19; Pages: 4836","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4836/pdf?version=1664359279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4298005624.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32111384","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1551570072","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1964573040","https://openalex.org/W1992462714","https://openalex.org/W1995130521","https://openalex.org/W2005029343","https://openalex.org/W2006711847","https://openalex.org/W2013718062","https://openalex.org/W2083817567","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2126052502","https://openalex.org/W2137160061","https://openalex.org/W2138014601","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279236905","https://openalex.org/W2407692387","https://openalex.org/W2511065100","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2586537367","https://openalex.org/W2598457882","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2729405303","https://openalex.org/W2757455114","https://openalex.org/W2760230021","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2766871041","https://openalex.org/W2770328471","https://openalex.org/W2776541877","https://openalex.org/W2794732825","https://openalex.org/W2799323087","https://openalex.org/W2801995602","https://openalex.org/W2808919226","https://openalex.org/W2810647405","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2886335102","https://openalex.org/W2886369963","https://openalex.org/W2891534395","https://openalex.org/W2895869662","https://openalex.org/W2908667960","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2945003931","https://openalex.org/W2955178892","https://openalex.org/W2962721361","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2964093967","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964308596","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2967601546","https://openalex.org/W2970225046","https://openalex.org/W2979999579","https://openalex.org/W2988456950","https://openalex.org/W2998677399","https://openalex.org/W3001456352","https://openalex.org/W3034307881","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3035729912","https://openalex.org/W3093788378","https://openalex.org/W3099598395","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3136611617","https://openalex.org/W4206309809","https://openalex.org/W6601285894","https://openalex.org/W6733402618","https://openalex.org/W6742348326","https://openalex.org/W6749254748","https://openalex.org/W6770656026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W2521347458","https://openalex.org/W4249847449","https://openalex.org/W2729981612","https://openalex.org/W4233449973","https://openalex.org/W2964954556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pavement":[0],"disease":[1,26],"detection":[2,13],"is":[3,29,62,167,182],"an":[4,23],"important":[5],"task":[6,61],"for":[7],"ensuring":[8],"road":[9,25,48,80,136],"safety.":[10],"Manual":[11],"visual":[12],"requires":[14],"a":[15,205],"significant":[16],"amount":[17],"of":[18,65,89,125,135,163,176],"time":[19],"and":[20,44,58,120,143,161,208],"effort.":[21],"Therefore,":[22],"automated":[24],"identification":[27],"technique":[28],"required":[30],"to":[31,40,78,102,157,169,186],"guarantee":[32],"that":[33,179],"city":[34],"tasks":[35],"are":[36,145],"performed.":[37],"However,":[38],"due":[39],"the":[41,53,56,60,69,93,98,103,110,122,126,132,141,150,159,170,191,197,201],"irregular":[42],"shape":[43,134],"large-scale":[45],"differences":[46],"in":[47,184],"diseases,":[49,137],"as":[50,52,92],"well":[51],"imbalance":[54,138],"between":[55,140],"foreground":[57,142],"background,":[59],"challenging.":[63],"Because":[64],"this,":[66],"we":[67,148],"created":[68],"deep":[70],"convolution":[71,87,91],"neural":[72],"network\u2014DASNet,":[73],"which":[74],"can":[75],"be":[76],"used":[77],"identify":[79],"diseases":[81],"automatically.":[82],"The":[83],"network":[84],"employs":[85],"deformable":[86],"instead":[88],"regular":[90],"feature":[94,107,118,129],"pyramid\u2019s":[95,127],"input,":[96],"adds":[97],"same":[99],"supervision":[100],"signal":[101],"multi-scale":[104],"features":[105],"before":[106],"fusion,":[108],"decreases":[109],"semantic":[111],"difference,":[112],"extracts":[113],"context":[114],"information":[115,123],"by":[116],"residual":[117],"enhancement,":[119],"reduces":[121],"loss":[124,153],"top-level":[128],"map.":[130],"Considering":[131],"unique":[133],"problems":[139],"background":[144],"common,":[146],"therefore,":[147],"introduce":[149],"sample":[151],"weighted":[152],"function.":[154],"In":[155],"order":[156],"prove":[158],"superiority":[160],"effectiveness":[162],"this":[164,180],"method,":[165],"it":[166],"compared":[168,195],"latest":[171],"method.":[172],"A":[173],"large":[174],"number":[175],"experiments":[177],"show":[178],"method":[181,203],"superior":[183],"accuracy":[185],"other":[187],"methods,":[188],"specifically,":[189],"under":[190],"COCO":[192],"evaluation":[193],"metric,":[194],"with":[196],"Faster":[198],"RCNN":[199],"baseline,":[200],"proposed":[202],"obtains":[204],"41.1":[206],"mAP":[207],"3.4":[209],"AP":[210],"improvement.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-01T08:55:40.977307","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}