{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296830559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710","title":"An Automatic Drift-Measurement-Data-Processing Method with Digital Ionosondes","display_name":"An Automatic Drift-Measurement-Data-Processing Method with Digital Ionosondes","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296830559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4710/pdf?version=1663766641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4710/pdf?version=1663766641","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044256365","display_name":"Xiaoya Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4421-3652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoya Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102504475","display_name":"Zhaoqian Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoqian Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784470","display_name":"Feng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2587-8683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424616","display_name":"Shun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1312-6214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412721","display_name":"Xiaojun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7826-9742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031785556","display_name":"Guangyou Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7443-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyou Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100784470"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":0.309,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65288488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"4710","last_page":"4710"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosonde","display_name":"Ionosonde","score":0.7881612181663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6337323784828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionogram","display_name":"Ionogram","score":0.5973353981971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5242571830749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.43967121839523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.436809241771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-pre-processing","display_name":"Data pre-processing","score":0.4359322488307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-processing","display_name":"Data processing","score":0.4203323721885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4192487597465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2879735231399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2767976224422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1387653648853302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184850221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3801433","display_name":"Ionosonde","level":4,"score":0.7881612181663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6337323784828186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16269946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3801433","display_name":"Ionogram","level":4,"score":0.5973353981971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5242571830749512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.43967121839523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.436809241771698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10551718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227332","display_name":"Data pre-processing","level":2,"score":0.4359322488307953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.4203323721885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4192487597465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2879735231399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2767976224422455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1387653648853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125485243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905186","display_name":"Electron density","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4710/pdf?version=1663766641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:da3bcaaf9a9a4b9bbeb2988d3490771b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/da3bcaaf9a9a4b9bbeb2988d3490771b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 4710 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/19/4710/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194710","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4710/pdf?version=1663766641","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G694876132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61827803","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296830559.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59285552","https://openalex.org/W110807632","https://openalex.org/W365890844","https://openalex.org/W386928171","https://openalex.org/W1558198949","https://openalex.org/W1621160252","https://openalex.org/W1648657433","https://openalex.org/W1655982255","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1970178842","https://openalex.org/W2008128309","https://openalex.org/W2028052001","https://openalex.org/W2050950598","https://openalex.org/W2066104176","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2084059674","https://openalex.org/W2085183513","https://openalex.org/W2102323968","https://openalex.org/W2104944292","https://openalex.org/W2143557663","https://openalex.org/W2151558891","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2160836022","https://openalex.org/W2355876433","https://openalex.org/W2374231755","https://openalex.org/W2740924709","https://openalex.org/W2912977073","https://openalex.org/W3014909555","https://openalex.org/W3156492869","https://openalex.org/W4205566495","https://openalex.org/W4210785147","https://openalex.org/W4224281455","https://openalex.org/W4320911924","https://openalex.org/W6602454548","https://openalex.org/W6613231086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2729043467","https://openalex.org/W2062202308","https://openalex.org/W1541313549","https://openalex.org/W3205825672","https://openalex.org/W3170516869","https://openalex.org/W2092436757","https://openalex.org/W4224281455","https://openalex.org/W2780689716","https://openalex.org/W4225894913","https://openalex.org/W2082543440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drift":[0],"detection":[1,7,76,139,259,276],"is":[2,22,33,130,160,168,196],"one":[3],"of":[4,48,117,123,226,236,302],"the":[5,26,45,69,74,79,92,113,121,127,134,143,157,172,197,208,224,234,242,252,290,300,307,311],"important":[6],"modes":[8],"in":[9,192,280],"a":[10,17],"digital":[11,325],"ionosonde":[12],"system.":[13],"In":[14,268],"this":[15,58,317],"paper,":[16],"new":[18,253,291,308,318],"data":[19,98,106,177],"processing":[20,178],"method":[21,59,244,254,292,309,313,319],"presented":[23],"for":[24,35],"boosting":[25],"automatic":[27,237],"and":[28,39,86,90,104,138,148,163,217,232,261,296,310,316],"high-quality":[29],"drift":[30,93,173,238,258,275,286,303],"measurement,":[31],"which":[32,221],"helpful":[34],"long-term":[36],"ionospheric":[37,75,128],"observation,":[38],"has":[40,203],"been":[41,204],"successfully":[42],"applied":[43,323],"to":[44,111,170,190,206,212,324],"Chinese":[46],"Academy":[47],"Sciences,":[49],"Digital":[50],"Ionosonde":[51],"(CAS-DIS).":[52],"Based":[53],"on":[54,229,272],"Doppler":[55,84,146],"interferometry":[56],"principle,":[57],"can":[60,180,255,320],"be":[61,181,321],"successively":[62],"divided":[63],"into":[64],"four":[65],"constraint":[66],"steps:":[67],"extracting":[68,78],"stable":[70],"echo":[71,118],"data;":[72],"restricting":[73],"region;":[77],"reliable":[80,153],"reflection":[81,154,210,215,219,266],"cluster,":[82],"including":[83],"filtering":[85,147],"coarse":[87,149,200],"clustering":[88,150,201],"analysis;":[89],"calculating":[91],"velocity.":[94,174],"Ordinary":[95],"wave":[96],"(O-wave)":[97],"extraction,":[99],"complementary":[100],"code":[101],"pulse":[102],"compression":[103],"other":[105],"preprocessing":[107],"techniques":[108],"are":[109,314],"used":[110,169,205],"improve":[112],"signal-to-noise":[114],"ratio":[115],"(SNR)":[116],"data.":[119],"For":[120],"purpose":[122],"eliminating":[124],"multiple":[125],"echoes,":[126],"region":[129,274],"determined":[131],"by":[132,246,289,306],"combining":[133],"optimal":[135],"height":[136],"range":[137],"frequencies":[140],"obtained":[141],"from":[142],"ionogram.":[144],"Successively,":[145],"analysis":[151,202],"extract":[152,207],"clusters.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"weighting":[158],"factor":[159],"brought":[161],"in,":[162],"then":[164],"weighted":[165],"least-squares":[166],"(WLS)":[167],"fit":[171],"The":[175],"entire":[176],"process":[179],"implemented":[182],"automatically":[183],"without":[184],"constantly":[185],"changing":[186],"parameter":[187,230],"settings":[188,231],"due":[189],"changes":[191],"external":[193,227],"conditions.":[194],"This":[195],"first":[198],"time":[199],"paracentral":[209],"cluster":[211],"eliminate":[213],"scattered":[214],"points":[216],"outer":[218],"clusters,":[220],"further":[222],"reduces":[223],"impacts":[225],"conditions":[228],"improves":[233],"ability":[235],"measurement.":[239],"Compared":[240],"with":[241,264],"previous":[243,312],"possessed":[245],"Digisonde":[247],"Protable":[248],"Sounder":[249],"4D":[250],"(DPS4D),":[251],"achieve":[256],"comparable":[257],"precision":[260],"results":[262],"even":[263],"fewer":[265],"points.":[267],"2021\u20132022,":[269],"several":[270],"experiments":[271],"F":[273],"were":[277],"carried":[278],"out":[279],"Hainan,":[281],"China.":[282],"Results":[283],"indicate":[284],"that":[285],"velocities":[287,304],"fitted":[288,305],"have":[293],"diurnal":[294],"variation":[295],"change":[297],"more":[298],"gently;":[299],"trends":[301],"semblable;":[315],"widely":[322],"ionosondes.":[326]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
