{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296745478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691","title":"Detection of Ships Cruising in the Azimuth Direction Using Spotlight SAR Images with a Deep Learning Method","display_name":"Detection of Ships Cruising in the Azimuth Direction Using Spotlight SAR Images with a Deep Learning Method","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296745478","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4691/pdf?version=1663833963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4691/pdf?version=1663833963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030594119","display_name":"Takero Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3992-8063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48840829","display_name":"Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048nxq511","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48840829"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takero Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan","Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8574, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48840829"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8574, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110772455","display_name":"Kazuo Ouchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuo Ouchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8574, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8574, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030594119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48840829","https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.7593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83019104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"19","first_page":"4691","last_page":"4691"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11622","display_name":"Maritime Navigation and Safety","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.7863230109214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6714558601379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.539729118347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5258191823959351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5147638320922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.51199871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45439910888671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-identification-system","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","score":0.4311408996582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4068711996078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.11427241563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06823664903640747}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.7863230109214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6714558601379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.539729118347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5258191823959351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5147638320922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.51199871301651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45439910888671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146997752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787197","display_name":"Automatic Identification System","level":2,"score":0.4311408996582031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4068711996078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.11427241563796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06823664903640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4691/pdf?version=1663833963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a8458402d644f038ee91df0a9e3d4b2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a8458402d644f038ee91df0a9e3d4b2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 19, p 4691 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/19/4691/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14194691","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14194691","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4691/pdf?version=1663833963","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6131837265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP20K14961","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296745478.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296745478.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7489460","https://openalex.org/W1483870316","https://openalex.org/W1527543624","https://openalex.org/W1970352419","https://openalex.org/W1970764305","https://openalex.org/W1971872865","https://openalex.org/W1980578904","https://openalex.org/W2096725806","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2110791451","https://openalex.org/W2120066054","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2922020877","https://openalex.org/W2928870406","https://openalex.org/W2987692455","https://openalex.org/W2990230185","https://openalex.org/W2995109197","https://openalex.org/W3014224354","https://openalex.org/W3031154432","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3049361954","https://openalex.org/W3157458557","https://openalex.org/W3161793291","https://openalex.org/W3163510280","https://openalex.org/W3166561508","https://openalex.org/W3196002595","https://openalex.org/W3201963960","https://openalex.org/W3213950844","https://openalex.org/W6794179955","https://openalex.org/W6800294349","https://openalex.org/W6801745871","https://openalex.org/W6803003410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W2611761074","https://openalex.org/W2788604587","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W2068843146","https://openalex.org/W2462749609","https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W2061287722","https://openalex.org/W2248538553"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spotlight":[0,42,108],"synthetic":[1],"aperture":[2],"radar":[3],"(SAR)":[4],"achieves":[5],"a":[6,34,127,144,150],"high":[7,163],"azimuth":[8,198,232],"resolution":[9],"with":[10,126,135,156,179],"long":[11,16],"integration":[12,17],"times.":[13],"Meanwhile,":[14],"the":[15,55,85,97,100,112,115,122,168,175,180,197,212,220,231],"times":[18],"also":[19],"cause":[20],"defocused":[21],"and":[22,59,133,149],"smeared":[23],"images":[24,110,132,188],"of":[25,57,96,99,129,146,153,159,171,189],"moving":[26,39,53,172,202],"objects":[27,40],"such":[28],"as":[29,50,84,193],"cruising":[30,78,195,228],"ships":[31,46,79,173,194,203,227],"This":[32,70],"is":[33,94,224],"typical":[35],"imaging":[36],"mechanism":[37],"for":[38,76,185],"in":[41,64,167,196,230],"SAR":[43,109],"images.":[44],"Conversely,":[45],"can":[47],"be":[48,207],"classified":[49,192],"stationary":[51],"or":[52],"from":[54],"amount":[56],"smearing,":[58],"this":[60,104],"classification":[61],"method":[62,75,178],"is,":[63],"general,":[65],"based":[66],"on":[67],"manual":[68],"observation.":[69],"paper":[71],"proposes":[72],"an":[73,157],"automatic":[74,169],"detecting":[77],"using":[80,121,174],"deep":[81,176],"learning":[82,177],"known":[83],"\u201cYou":[86],"Only":[87],"Look":[88],"Once":[89],"(YOLO)":[90],"v5":[91,124,182,222],"model\u201d,":[92],"which":[93],"one":[95],"frameworks":[98],"YOLO":[101,123,181,221],"family.":[102],"In":[103],"study,":[105,215],"ALOS-2/PALSAR-2":[106],"L-band":[107],"over":[111],"waters":[113],"around":[114],"Miura":[116],"Peninsula,":[117],"Japan,":[118],"were":[119,165,191,204],"analyzed":[120],"model":[125,223],"total":[128],"53":[130],"ships\u2019":[131],"compared":[134],"Automatic":[136],"Identification":[137],"System":[138],"(AIS)":[139],"data.":[140],"The":[141],"results":[142],"showed":[143],"precision":[145],"approximately":[147,154],"0.85":[148],"recall":[151],"rate":[152],"0.89":[155],"F-measure":[158],"0.87.":[160],"Thus,":[161],"sufficiently":[162],"values":[164],"achieved":[166],"detection":[170],"model.":[183],"As":[184],"false":[186],"detections,":[187],"breakwaters":[190],"direction.":[199,233],"Further,":[200],"range":[201],"found":[205,218],"to":[206,209,226],"difficult":[208],"detect.":[210],"From":[211],"present":[213],"preliminary":[214],"it":[216],"was":[217],"that":[219],"limited":[225],"predominantly":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}