{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296742156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","title":"Proportional Similarity-Based Openmax Classifier for Open Set Recognition in SAR Images","display_name":"Proportional Similarity-Based Openmax Classifier for Open Set Recognition in SAR Images","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296742156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4665/pdf?version=1663655601","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4665/pdf?version=1663655601","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032865843","display_name":"Elisa Giusti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-6509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Giusti","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075737995","display_name":"Selenia Ghio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-0839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selenia Ghio","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037092562","display_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6057-8459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amir Hosein Oveis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031990101","display_name":"Marco Martorella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Martorella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Laboratory of Radar and Surveillance Systems (RaSS), National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunication (CNIT), 56124 Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037092562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504","https://openalex.org/I4210099310"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":6.7734,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96317911,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"18","first_page":"4665","last_page":"4665"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7762665152549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7145196795463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6910886764526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-acquisition","display_name":"Target acquisition","score":0.6186758279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6184136867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6182889938354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5580960512161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.45391231775283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.37981095910072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35783812403678894}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7762665152549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7145196795463562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6910886764526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779726219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685884","display_name":"Target acquisition","level":2,"score":0.6186758279800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6184136867523193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6182889938354492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5580960512161255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.45391231775283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.37981095910072327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35783812403678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4665/pdf?version=1663655601","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:79d6d10186854fe0b6c7ce5171cdbab9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/79d6d10186854fe0b6c7ce5171cdbab9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 18, p 4665 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/18/4665/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/bfe55bb5-1bb1-4ed8-916c-47b9b12adc86","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/bfe55bb5-1bb1-4ed8-916c-47b9b12adc86","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Giusti, E, Ghio, S, Oveis, A H & Martorella, M 2022, 'Proportional similarity-based Openmax classifier for open set recognition in SAR images', Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 18, 4665. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/bfe55bb5-1bb1-4ed8-916c-47b9b12adc86","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138812525&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Giusti, E, Ghio, S, Oveis, A H & Martorella, M 2022, 'Proportional similarity-based Openmax classifier for open set recognition in SAR images', Remote Sensing, vol. 14, no. 18, 4665. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184665","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184665","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4665/pdf?version=1663655601","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296742156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296742156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1460189015","https://openalex.org/W1500657154","https://openalex.org/W2100332042","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2119880843","https://openalex.org/W2145750625","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2466539075","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2544339223","https://openalex.org/W2588453093","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2901114541","https://openalex.org/W2945014618","https://openalex.org/W2948594896","https://openalex.org/W2963149653","https://openalex.org/W2963875483","https://openalex.org/W2965989958","https://openalex.org/W2979428411","https://openalex.org/W2983617975","https://openalex.org/W3014773921","https://openalex.org/W3041793138","https://openalex.org/W3148297393","https://openalex.org/W3176963665","https://openalex.org/W3192142973","https://openalex.org/W3203687922","https://openalex.org/W3208926440","https://openalex.org/W3213042253","https://openalex.org/W4205347220","https://openalex.org/W4229363443","https://openalex.org/W4249723087","https://openalex.org/W4281707496","https://openalex.org/W4285065070","https://openalex.org/W4285109760","https://openalex.org/W4285310237","https://openalex.org/W4288777466","https://openalex.org/W4313057586","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6696636527","https://openalex.org/W6767461741","https://openalex.org/W6769415143","https://openalex.org/W6800021453","https://openalex.org/W6802858361","https://openalex.org/W6839479128","https://openalex.org/W6839576168"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2106749053","https://openalex.org/W4380446815","https://openalex.org/W2773828237","https://openalex.org/W4386323663","https://openalex.org/W2945014618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,36,132,156,183],"the":[2,10,24,31,34,37,46,59,67,87,119,130,133,142,160,176,184],"existing":[3],"Non-Cooperative":[4],"Target":[5,164],"Recognition":[6,167],"(NCTR)":[7],"systems":[8],"follow":[9],"\u201cclosed":[11],"world\u201d":[12],"assumption,":[13],"i.e.,":[14],"they":[15],"only":[16],"work":[17],"with":[18,94],"what":[19],"was":[20],"previously":[21],"observed.":[22],"Nevertheless,":[23],"real":[25],"world":[26],"is":[27,39,54,127,136],"relatively":[28],"\u201copen\u201d":[29],"in":[30,66,86],"sense":[32],"that":[33,90],"knowledge":[35],"environment":[38],"incomplete.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"unknown":[42,79,107],"targets":[43,158],"can":[44,91],"feed":[45],"recognition":[47],"system":[48],"at":[49],"any":[50],"time":[51],"while":[52],"it":[53],"operational.":[55],"Addressing":[56],"this":[57,110],"issue,":[58],"Openmax":[60,88,134,177,185],"classifier":[61,89,116],"has":[62],"been":[63],"recently":[64],"proposed":[65,124],"optical":[68],"domain":[69],"to":[70,77,117],"make":[71],"convolutional":[72],"neural":[73],"networks":[74],"(CNN)":[75],"able":[76],"reject":[78],"targets.":[80],"There":[81],"are":[82,187],"some":[83],"fundamental":[84],"limitations":[85,131],"end":[92],"up":[93],"two":[95],"potential":[96],"errors:":[97],"(1)":[98],"rejecting":[99],"a":[100,114,171,180],"known":[101],"target":[102],"and":[103,121,145,162,166,179],"(2)":[104],"classifying":[105],"an":[106],"target.":[108],"In":[109],"paper,":[111],"we":[112],"propose":[113],"new":[115],"increase":[118],"robustness":[120],"accuracy.":[122],"The":[123],"classifier,":[125,135],"which":[126],"inspired":[128],"by":[129,153],"based":[137],"on":[138,175],"proportional":[139],"similarity":[140],"between":[141],"test":[143],"image":[144],"different":[146],"training":[147],"classes.":[148],"We":[149],"evaluate":[150],"our":[151],"method":[152],"radar":[154],"images":[155],"man-made":[157],"from":[159],"Moving":[161],"Stationary":[163],"Acquisition":[165],"(MSTAR)":[168],"dataset.":[169],"Moreover,":[170],"more":[172],"in-depth":[173],"discussion":[174],"hyper-parameters":[178],"detailed":[181],"description":[182],"functioning":[186],"given.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}