{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295414206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540","title":"Impact of Training Set Size and Lead Time on Early Tomato Crop Mapping Accuracy","display_name":"Impact of Training Set Size and Lead Time on Early Tomato Crop Mapping Accuracy","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295414206","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4540/pdf?version=1663049882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4540/pdf?version=1663049882","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022101453","display_name":"Michele Croci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7356-2774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michele Croci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072508410","display_name":"Giorgio Impollonia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Impollonia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004924118","display_name":"Henri Blandini\u00e8res","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2401-2711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henri Blandini\u00e8res","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023966201","display_name":"Michele Colauzzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Colauzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058892239","display_name":"Stefano Amaducci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6184-9257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Amaducci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Research Center (CRAST), Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022101453"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":1.6822,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85064896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"18","first_page":"4540","last_page":"4540"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14365","display_name":"Leaf Properties and Growth Measurement","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7351435422897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6591581106185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5862461924552917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5306039452552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5302490592002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5086435079574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4334411025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-yield","display_name":"Crop yield","score":0.4202099144458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41638198494911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.41591137647628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","score":0.3478444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33867281675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy","display_name":"Agronomy","score":0.139541357755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07425332069396973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7351435422897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6591581106185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5862461924552917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5306039452552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5302490592002869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5086435079574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4334411025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.4202099144458771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41638198494911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.41591137647628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.3478444814682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33867281675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.139541357755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07425332069396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4540/pdf?version=1663049882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:14b74c75d0bc45cc8bf0b01bdbf3a4c2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/14b74c75d0bc45cc8bf0b01bdbf3a4c2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 18, p 4540 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/18/4540/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publicatt.unicatt.it:10807/230877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10807/230877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400564","display_name":"PubliCatt (Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184540","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4540/pdf?version=1663049882","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295414206.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295414206.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565635109","https://openalex.org/W1587801402","https://openalex.org/W1598808445","https://openalex.org/W1966845328","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1981552604","https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2023912087","https://openalex.org/W2039604550","https://openalex.org/W2045102154","https://openalex.org/W2056435747","https://openalex.org/W2067234885","https://openalex.org/W2077562320","https://openalex.org/W2084668217","https://openalex.org/W2087556827","https://openalex.org/W2091085232","https://openalex.org/W2112458566","https://openalex.org/W2114828048","https://openalex.org/W2118899651","https://openalex.org/W2118978333","https://openalex.org/W2124706543","https://openalex.org/W2134721717","https://openalex.org/W2135900825","https://openalex.org/W2167869331","https://openalex.org/W2171153116","https://openalex.org/W2273708466","https://openalex.org/W2489363481","https://openalex.org/W2491331447","https://openalex.org/W2535869020","https://openalex.org/W2553544826","https://openalex.org/W2742671013","https://openalex.org/W2745131289","https://openalex.org/W2763734094","https://openalex.org/W2776146695","https://openalex.org/W2808232479","https://openalex.org/W2900217217","https://openalex.org/W2910355480","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2916705278","https://openalex.org/W2973253973","https://openalex.org/W2981372657","https://openalex.org/W2989983865","https://openalex.org/W2995678734","https://openalex.org/W2995946162","https://openalex.org/W2999712229","https://openalex.org/W3027438872","https://openalex.org/W3104887532","https://openalex.org/W3110968815","https://openalex.org/W3113097440","https://openalex.org/W3126087996","https://openalex.org/W3137820239","https://openalex.org/W3184850568","https://openalex.org/W4245539475","https://openalex.org/W6635153025","https://openalex.org/W6636950212","https://openalex.org/W6641849199","https://openalex.org/W6656262881","https://openalex.org/W6675046183","https://openalex.org/W6747449783","https://openalex.org/W6777324844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W4363647452","https://openalex.org/W4385701552","https://openalex.org/W4362604364"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Estimating":[0],"key":[1],"crop":[2,27,46,60,145],"parameters":[3,55],"(e.g.,":[4],"phenology,":[5],"yield":[6],"prediction)":[7],"is":[8],"a":[9,82,228],"prerequisite":[10],"for":[11,58,144,148,234],"optimizing":[12],"agrifood":[13],"supply":[14],"chains":[15],"through":[16,62,100,238],"the":[17,32,35,66,128,131,139,156,172,185,190,212,223],"use":[18],"of":[19,37,45,52,133,158,161,174,177,204,208],"satellite":[20],"imagery,":[21],"but":[22],"requires":[23],"timely":[24],"and":[25,34,77,93,107,127,135,166,206,217,232],"accurate":[26],"mapping.":[28],"The":[29,49,153],"moment":[30],"in":[31,211,230],"season":[33,213],"number":[36,132],"training":[38,220],"sites":[39,221],"used":[40],"are":[41],"two":[42,54,101,140,225],"main":[43,68],"drivers":[44,143],"classification":[47,88,146,160,181],"performance.":[48,182],"combined":[50],"effect":[51],"these":[53],"was":[56,98],"analysed":[57],"tomato":[59,162],"classification,":[61],"125":[63],"experiments,":[64],"using":[65,81],"three":[67,150,191],"machine":[69],"learning":[70],"(ML)":[71],"classifiers":[72],"(neural":[73],"network,":[74],"random":[75],"forest,":[76],"support":[78],"vector":[79],"machine)":[80],"response":[83],"surface":[84],"methodology":[85],"(RSM).":[86],"Crop":[87],"performance":[89,147],"between":[90,130],"minority":[91,136],"(tomato)":[92],"majority":[94,134],"(\u2018other":[95],"crops\u2019)":[96],"classes":[97,137],"assessed":[99],"evaluation":[102,197],"metrics:":[103],"Overall":[104],"Accuracy":[105],"(OA)":[106],"G-Mean":[108],"(GM),":[109],"which":[110],"were":[111,138],"calculated":[112],"on":[113,180],"large":[114],"independent":[115],"test":[116],"sets":[117],"(over":[118],"400,000":[119],"fields).":[120],"RSM":[121],"results":[122,154],"demonstrated":[123],"that":[124,167],"lead":[125,215],"time":[126,233],"interaction":[129],"most":[141],"important":[142],"all":[149],"ML":[151,192],"classifiers.":[152],"demonstrate":[155],"feasibility":[157],"preharvest":[159],"with":[163,218],"high":[164],"performance,":[165],"an":[168],"RSM-based":[169],"approach":[170],"enables":[171],"identification":[173],"simultaneous":[175],"effects":[176],"several":[178],"factors":[179],"SVM":[183,199],"achieved":[184],"best":[186],"grading":[187],"performances":[188],"across":[189],"classifiers,":[193,226],"according":[194],"to":[195],"both":[196],"metrics.":[198],"reached":[200],"highest":[201],"accuracy":[202],"(0.95":[203],"OA":[205],"0.97":[207],"GM)":[209],"earlier":[210],"(low":[214],"time)":[216],"less":[219],"than":[222],"other":[224],"permitting":[227],"reduction":[229],"cost":[231],"ground":[235],"truth":[236],"collection":[237],"field":[239],"campaigns.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
