{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295532878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514","title":"MKANet: An Efficient Network with Sobel Boundary Loss for Land-Cover Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery","display_name":"MKANet: An Efficient Network with Sobel Boundary Loss for Land-Cover Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295532878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4514/pdf?version=1663049857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4514/pdf?version=1663049857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100765063","display_name":"Zhiqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-9430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1914-9430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042489481","display_name":"Wen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-1652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1037-1652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027807013","display_name":"Jinshan Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2266-5620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinshan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2266-5620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064860356","display_name":"Guangqi Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0292-1626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74525822","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangqi Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027807013"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74525822"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2707},"fwci":3.6213,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93764837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"18","first_page":"4514","last_page":"4514"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7811166048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upsampling","display_name":"Upsampling","score":0.6162610054016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5555115342140198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.533935010433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5154081583023071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4975109398365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-contextual-awareness","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","score":0.4543173015117645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.4534549415111542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4314737617969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.41985583305358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3219115734100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.2453812062740326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.18763628602027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.15293464064598083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7811166048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.6162610054016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5555115342140198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.533935010433197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5154081583023071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4975109398365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.4543173015117645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.4534549415111542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4314737617969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.41985583305358887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3219115734100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2453812062740326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.18763628602027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.15293464064598083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4514/pdf?version=1663049857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f276c77337f943c0b1c65eeaee5e1c2d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f276c77337f943c0b1c65eeaee5e1c2d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 18, p 4514 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/18/4514/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 18; Pages: 4514","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184514","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184514","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4514/pdf?version=1663049857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5286508630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BSQD2020055","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321604","funder_display_name":"Hubei University of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6629302254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901307","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7720603940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20E01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321604","display_name":"Hubei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02d3fj342"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326938","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329781","display_name":"Hubei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03a60m280"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295532878.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4295532878.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1958291604","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2513504913","https://openalex.org/W2546696630","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2729822439","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2774169308","https://openalex.org/W2804199516","https://openalex.org/W2883780447","https://openalex.org/W2886934227","https://openalex.org/W2895340641","https://openalex.org/W2921495890","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963727650","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2982220924","https://openalex.org/W2991488782","https://openalex.org/W2995766874","https://openalex.org/W3008156909","https://openalex.org/W3096653763","https://openalex.org/W3103092912","https://openalex.org/W3136511740","https://openalex.org/W3169865585","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3196904463","https://openalex.org/W3200075728","https://openalex.org/W3201485987","https://openalex.org/W3206114874","https://openalex.org/W3209745495","https://openalex.org/W4226013274","https://openalex.org/W4288081069","https://openalex.org/W4403562745","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6873325637"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062399876","https://openalex.org/W2607795551","https://openalex.org/W3155117723","https://openalex.org/W1991429770","https://openalex.org/W1983892167","https://openalex.org/W2281134365","https://openalex.org/W4310746709","https://openalex.org/W2043913960","https://openalex.org/W3129683637","https://openalex.org/W3217780232"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Land":[0],"cover":[1],"classification":[2,231],"is":[3],"a":[4,13,67,74,101,163,191,225],"multiclass":[5],"segmentation":[6,131],"task":[7],"to":[8,66,82,112,121,150,168],"classify":[9],"each":[10],"pixel":[11],"into":[12,54,97],"certain":[14],"natural":[15,27],"or":[16,51],"human-made":[17],"category":[18,195],"of":[19,93,103,139,157,218,248],"the":[20,86,109,122,137,246],"earth\u2019s":[21],"surface,":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"water,":[25],"soil,":[26],"vegetation,":[28],"crops,":[29],"and":[30,38,84,107,152,160,165,172,184,201,208,215,233],"human":[31],"infrastructure.":[32],"Limited":[33],"by":[34,49,91],"hardware":[35],"computational":[36],"resources":[37],"memory":[39],"capacity,":[40],"most":[41],"existing":[42],"studies":[43],"preprocessed":[44],"original":[45,114],"remote":[46,143],"sensing":[47,144],"images":[48,96],"downsampling":[50,72],"cropping":[52],"them":[53,65],"small":[55,79,98,185,209],"patches":[56,99,176],"less":[57],"than":[58,178,237],"512":[59,61],"\u00d7":[60],"pixels":[62],"before":[63],"sending":[64],"deep":[68],"neural":[69],"network.":[70],"However,":[71],"incurs":[73],"spatial":[75,87],"detail":[76],"loss,":[77],"renders":[78],"segments":[80,156],"hard":[81],"discriminate,":[83],"reverses":[85],"resolution":[88],"progress":[89],"obtained":[90],"decades":[92],"efforts.":[94],"Cropping":[95],"causes":[100],"loss":[102],"long-range":[104],"context":[105],"information,":[106,200],"restoring":[108],"predicted":[110],"results":[111],"their":[113],"size":[115],"brings":[116],"extra":[117,204],"latency.":[118],"In":[119],"response":[120],"above":[123],"weaknesses,":[124],"we":[125,188],"present":[126],"an":[127,203],"efficient":[128],"lightweight":[129,240],"semantic":[130],"network":[132],"termed":[133],"MKANet.":[134],"Aimed":[135],"at":[136],"characteristics":[138],"top":[140],"view":[141],"high-resolution":[142],"imagery,":[145],"MKANet":[146,223,249],"utilizes":[147],"sharing":[148],"kernels":[149],"simultaneously":[151],"equally":[153],"handle":[154],"ground":[155],"inconsistent":[158],"scales,":[159],"also":[161,189],"employs":[162],"parallel":[164],"shallow":[166],"architecture":[167],"boost":[169],"inference":[170],"speed":[171],"friendly":[173],"support":[174],"image":[175],"more":[177],"10\u00d7":[179],"larger.":[180],"To":[181],"enhance":[182],"boundary":[183,199],"segment":[186,210],"discrimination,":[187],"propose":[190],"method":[192],"that":[193,222],"captures":[194],"impurity":[196],"areas,":[197],"exploits":[198],"exerts":[202],"penalty":[205],"on":[206,228],"boundaries":[207],"misjudgments.":[211],"Both":[212],"visual":[213],"interpretations":[214],"quantitative":[216],"metrics":[217],"extensive":[219],"experiments":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"obtains":[224],"state-of-the-art":[226],"accuracy":[227],"two":[229],"land-cover":[230],"datasets":[232],"infers":[234],"2\u00d7":[235],"faster":[236],"other":[238],"competitive":[239],"networks.":[241],"All":[242],"these":[243],"merits":[244],"highlight":[245],"potential":[247],"in":[250],"practical":[251],"applications.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2022-09-14T00:00:00"}