{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296138379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478","title":"Beyond Classifiers: Remote Sensing Change Detection with Metric Learning","display_name":"Beyond Classifiers: Remote Sensing Change Detection with Metric Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296138379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4478/pdf?version=1662722801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4478/pdf?version=1662722801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340299","display_name":"Yuqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-3838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317994","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070012760","display_name":"Yaohua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6211-6388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaohua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332296","display_name":"Zhibin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4149-031X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348617","display_name":"Hao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6294-6761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group, Beijing 100102, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100332296"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"apc_paid":{"value":2500,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2784},"fwci":0.5321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65409149,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"18","first_page":"4478","last_page":"4478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.8142763376235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7722917795181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7595506906509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5997786521911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5550146102905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.47818782925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47011104226112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.45598721504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4489528238773346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38789093494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3371769189834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12861540913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.059174805879592896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.8142763376235962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7722917795181274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7595506906509399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5997786521911621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5550146102905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.47818782925605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47011104226112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.45598721504211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4489528238773346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38789093494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3371769189834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12861540913581848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.059174805879592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4478/pdf?version=1662722801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bb7641e64ee547e29b33b2da2188c3ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bb7641e64ee547e29b33b2da2188c3ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing, Vol 14, Iss 18, p 4478 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2072-4292/14/18/4478/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing; Volume 14; Issue 18; Pages: 4478","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs14184478","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184478","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/18/4478/pdf?version=1662722801","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296138379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4296138379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1782590233","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2085283969","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2157026765","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2165350297","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2564140372","https://openalex.org/W2594487602","https://openalex.org/W2751993439","https://openalex.org/W2767778161","https://openalex.org/W2781785541","https://openalex.org/W2792827505","https://openalex.org/W2891248708","https://openalex.org/W2896092083","https://openalex.org/W2900587135","https://openalex.org/W2908320224","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2912323362","https://openalex.org/W2940710034","https://openalex.org/W2951991161","https://openalex.org/W2960957522","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2966542792","https://openalex.org/W2967515867","https://openalex.org/W2967626412","https://openalex.org/W2969985801","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2996554203","https://openalex.org/W2997885125","https://openalex.org/W3000358529","https://openalex.org/W3000451586","https://openalex.org/W3014641072","https://openalex.org/W3015038817","https://openalex.org/W3027225766","https://openalex.org/W3035556689","https://openalex.org/W3036453075","https://openalex.org/W3036616251","https://openalex.org/W3037640242","https://openalex.org/W3066154933","https://openalex.org/W3102127038","https://openalex.org/W3120467244","https://openalex.org/W3130754787","https://openalex.org/W3133726918","https://openalex.org/W3161839639","https://openalex.org/W3163207600","https://openalex.org/W3173316665","https://openalex.org/W3174136704","https://openalex.org/W3176330035","https://openalex.org/W3178886938","https://openalex.org/W3183600011","https://openalex.org/W3186032668","https://openalex.org/W3193414609","https://openalex.org/W3194968429","https://openalex.org/W4225309410","https://openalex.org/W4226330327","https://openalex.org/W4281821555","https://openalex.org/W4312554651","https://openalex.org/W4319996564","https://openalex.org/W6772884450","https://openalex.org/W6790731625","https://openalex.org/W6791113896","https://openalex.org/W6797500923","https://openalex.org/W6799693294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2101155126","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2363545964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"change":[1,25,57,113,135],"detection":[2,26],"in":[3],"remote":[4],"sensing":[5],"images,":[6,94],"supervised":[7],"learning":[8,33,54],"always":[9],"relies":[10],"on":[11,66,111,130],"bi-temporal":[12,93],"images":[13,68],"as":[14,19,30],"inputs":[15],"and":[16,95,133],"2-class/multi-class":[17],"classifiers":[18],"outputs.":[20],"On":[21],"the":[22,79,92,121],"other":[23],"hand,":[24],"can":[27],"be":[28,39,45],"viewed":[29],"a":[31,96],"metric":[32,53],"problem,":[34],"i.e.,":[35],"changed":[36,122],"areas":[37,43],"should":[38,44],"dissimilar":[40],"while":[41],"unchanged":[42],"similar.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"paper,":[49],"we":[50,84],"study":[51],"several":[52],"formulations":[55],"for":[56,120],"detection.":[58,136],"A":[59],"strong":[60],"baseline":[61],"is":[62,102,108],"achieved":[63],"by":[64,78],"training":[65],"pair-wise":[67],"with":[69,74],"Reverted":[70],"Contrastive":[71],"Loss":[72,100],"(RCL)":[73],"hard":[75],"mining.":[76],"Motivated":[77],"success":[80],"of":[81,88],"triplet":[82,89,106],"loss,":[83],"seek":[85],"two":[86],"sources":[87],"pairs":[90],"from":[91],"novel":[97],"Spatial\u2013Temporal":[98],"Triplet":[99],"(STTL)":[101],"proposed.":[103],"The":[104,124],"proposed":[105],"loss":[107],"further":[109],"validated":[110],"semantic":[112,116,134],"detection,":[114],"where":[115],"labels":[117],"are":[118],"provided":[119],"areas.":[123],"experimental":[125],"results":[126],"prove":[127],"state-of-the-art":[128],"performance":[129],"both":[131],"binary":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2022-09-17T00:00:00"}